Particulate emissions from the combustion of birch, beech, and spruce logs cause different cytotoxic responses in A549 cells

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization particulate emissions from the combustion of solid fuels caused more than 110,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2010. Log wood combustion is the most prevalent form of residential biomass heating in developed countries, but it is unknown how the type of wood logs used in furnaces influences the chemical composition of the particulate emissions and their toxicological potential. We burned logs of birch, beech and spruce, which are used commonly as firewood in Central and Northern Europe in a modern masonry heater, and compared them to the particulate emissions from an automated pellet boiler fired with softwood pellets. We determined the chemical composition (elements, ions, and carbonaceous compounds) of the particulate emissions with a diameter of less than 1 µm and tested their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, inflammatory potential, and ability to induce oxidative stress in a human lung epithelial cell line. The chemical composition of the samples differed significantly, especially with regard to the carbonaceous and metal contents. Also the toxic effects in our tested endpoints varied considerably between each of the three log wood combustion samples, as well as between the log wood combustion samples and the pellet combustion sample. The difference in the toxicological potential of the samples in the various endpoints indicates the involvement of different pathways of toxicity depending on the chemical composition. All three emission samples from the log wood combustions were considerably more toxic in all endpoints than the emissions from the pellet combustion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1487-1499, 2017.

Cytotoxic and genotoxic responses of human lung cells to combustion smoke particles of Miscanthus straw, softwood and beech wood chips

“…In addition, Al and ƩPAHs in PM 0.4–1 from biomass fuel combustion showed a positive correlation with DNA damage; (see Table 4). These results are in agreement with the studies of Kasurinen et al (Kasurinen et al, 2016, 2015b) who reported a correlation between Al and Ca contents of wood smoke particles and observed toxic effects. Genotoxicity of PAHs contained in PM from biomass fuel combustion was also observed in other studies (Danielsen et al, 2009; Tapanainen et al, 2011).…”

Emissions from a modern log wood masonry heater and wood pellet boiler: Composition and biological impact on air-liquid interface exposed human lung cancer cells

“…At the cellular level, several in vitro studies have shown the proinflammatory effects of biomass smoke exposure. Contact to wood and coal combustion from PM induced an increased production of chemokines, like monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and IL-8 in the NSCLC A549 cell line [10,11], while other combustion particles induced differential pro-inflammatory responses [10,[12][13][14][15]. Mechanistically, wood smoke induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) impacting on the oxidative/reductive state of the cell.…”

“…Besides easy storage and transport, pellets are currently found to be an efficient and relatively clean fuel for residential heating. Several studies found significantly lower emissions of PM and hazardous organic substances for small-scale pellet combustion compared to log wood combustion [15,[18][19][20][21].…”

Technology development of breathing thermal manikin and its application and prospect in healthy building

“…已有研究使用的呼吸暖体假人处于站 立或坐姿状态时, 嘴巴呼出气体的方向是水平的 [6,46,74] , 但是鼻子呼出气流的方向比较复杂, 通常沿水平方向 向下倾斜45°, 并且与垂直方向保持30°的分离角 [6,49] , 符合Gupta等人 [46] [76] , 这些飞沫携带数百万个细菌, 是引起呼吸道传染病的主要原因 [77] . 除动物模型之外, Dilger等人 [90] 、Kasurinen等人 [91] 和Marchetti等人 [92] 使用体外细胞培养法, 通过对人体 [93] . 由于当前体外细胞培养模型的局限 性, Huh等人 [94] 基于微流控技术的细胞装置, 建立体外 肺芯片, 将多个器官组织信息集成在一个单独的芯片 上, 形成"器官-芯片"系统 [95] , 更好地模拟和控制生理 微环境, 可以较快地观察到肺部疾病患者在相关暴露 环境下引起的分子、细胞和组织水平的特异性反应, 对靶向治疗和生物标记物研究具有重要意义 [96] .…”