Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modelling of Carotid Artery Haemodynamics under Steady Flow: A Validation Study

Abstract

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of blood flow through a carotid artery bifurcation has been carried out in order to assess the role of haemodynamics in atherosclerosis and validate a novel wall shear stress (WSS) measurement method via detailed quantitative data analysis. Velocity and WSS data, obtained by PIV was compared against CFD-predicted data obtained for the same geometry and boundary conditions. The results demonstrate that both methods are capable of capturing essential flow characteristics, and are in good agreement. The axial velocity data clearly show the important flow features such as skewed velocity profiles and a low-momentum region near the sinus outer wall, although with slight errors between the two techniques in the order of 6.1-13.7%. The secondary velocity plots and three-dimensional particle traces reveal complex flow features within the sinus, such as Dean vortices and helicoidal flow. WSS data obtained by both techniques reveal the presence of a low-momentum and reversed-flow regions, and show agreement with errors in the order of 1% in the common carotid artery and 0.9-9.8% in the sinus. The error sources in both the experimental and numerical methodology are discussed and recommendations for future applications are made.

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

“…Flexibility makes silicone rubbers particularly useful for compliant models of flows through flexible structures or membrane-like tissues, e.g., in RIM models for bloodflow experiments and, as a result, have been frequently employed in such systems (Duncan et al 1990;Perktold et al 1997;Bale-Glickman et al 2003;Burgmann et al 2009;Shuib et al 2010;Yousif et al 2010;Gülan et al 2012;Pielhop et al 2012;Geoghegan et al 2012;Im et al 2013;Kefayati and Poepping 2013). Sylgard 184, manufactured by Dow Corning, has been identified as a silicone rubber of particularly interest (Duncan et al 1990;Perktold et al 1997;Hopkins et al 2000;Yousif et al 2010;Shuib et al 2010;Buchmann et al 2010Buchmann et al , 2011Geoghegan et al 2012 andKefayati andPoepping 2013). Although a common choice, Hopkins et al (2000) cautioned that the effects of mixing and curing on Sylgard 184 can result in RI variations between models, and the care must, therefore, be taken in matching liquid RIs to individual models.…”

“…(iii) Particle image/tracking velocimetry (PIV/PTV) and variants thereof have been covered in detail by Adrian (1986Adrian ( , 1991, Arroyo and Greated (1991), Maas et al (1993), Grant (1997) and Fu et al (2015), among others. These techniques can provide velocity information in two or three dimensions (2-D/3-D) and have been used in many RIM systems, e.g., by Northrup et al (1991), Peurrung et al (1995), Zachos et al (1996), Hopkins et al (2000), Longmire et al (2001), Bale-Glickman et al (2003), Ninomiya and Yasuda (2006), Burgmann et al (2009), Dietze et al (2009) Buchmann et al (2010, Berard et al (2013), Im et al (2013), Yagi et al (2013), Morgan et al (2013), , Krug et al (2014).…”

A Piv Comparison of the Flow Field and Wall Shear Stress in Rigid and Compliant Models of Healthy Carotid Arteries

“…As previously stated, assuming the flow within this region moves predominantly parallel to the wall, a 1D correlation function between the two images can be calculated at every horizontal position within a region of interest. Previous error analysis of the iPIV technique has been performed by Buchmann et al 49 . It was found that with a wall location accurate to ±1 pixel the iPIV produced an error in wall shear rate (WSR) of ±0.02 pix/pix equating to an error in WSS of ±0.15Pa (10% and 6% of the maximum WSS in the compliant and rigid phantom respectively).…”

Fabrication of rigid and flexible refractive-index-matched flow phantoms for flow visualisation and optical flow measurements

“…Each branch is axisymmetric, and the branching plane is the symmetry plane. While the detailed procedure is given in Buchmann et al (2010), here only the final result of an idealised arterial bifurcation model with smooth surfaces and curvature is shown. The final model is given in stereolithography (STL 2 ) format and illustrated in Fig.…”

“…Carotid artery bifurcation rigid flow phantom(Buchmann et al , 2010(Buchmann et al , 2011Geoghegan et al 2009; Spence et al 2011a, b).…”