“…Innate immune cells recognize microbes via pattern recognition receptors, which leads to the induction of immune responses, and eventually eliminates pathogens. Innate immune responses are directly dependant on the activated status of degradation enzymes, synthetic enzymes of reactive oxygen species, phagocytic cells, clotting proteins, and complement proteins (Tripp, 1974;Bayne, 1983;Gross et al, 1999;Sritunyalucksana et al, 2000;Kimbrell et al, 2001;Pasquier, 2001;Salzet, 2001;Tort et al, 2003;Beutler, 2004;Ausubel, 2005;Magnadottir et al, 2006;Vazquez et al, 2009;Harikrishnan et al, 2011;Ringø et al, 2012Ringø et al, , 2018Chiaramonte et al, 2015;Romo et al, 2015;Song et al, 2015;Sánchez-Salgado et al, 2017;Smith et al, 2018). Generally, LAB affect various species including shellfish by improving their immune status, which leads to a more robust protection against various pathogens (Ige, 2013;Maeda et al, 2014;Merrifield et al, 2014;Vasama et al, 2014;Sha et al, 2016b;Ringø et al, 2018).…”