Partial Discharge Investigation of Form-Wound Electric Machine Winding for Electric Aircraft Propulsion

Wang, Yalin; Yi, Xuan; Wang, Yani; Zhang, Xiaolong; Yin, Yi; Han, Tao; Haran, Kiruba S.

doi:10.1109/tte.2020.2979009

Cited by 32 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The increasing defects increases the possibility of electrical trees extending to the surroundings, which makes it easier to produce bush-type trees. In addition, the partial discharge under high-frequency AC voltage occurs within a short period of time after the voltage polarity is reversed; hence, higher voltage frequency means that the number of discharges increases proportionally [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Although the maximum partial discharge amplitude decreases with the increasing voltage frequency, the average partial discharge amplitude did not decrease when the voltage frequency is below 20 kH [ 26 , 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Air Gap on Electrical Tree in Epoxy Resin Under High Frequency Bipolar Square-Wave Voltage

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2020

Materials

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Insulation fails quickly under high-frequency AC high voltage, especially bipolar square-wave voltage with a high dV/dt. It is of great significance to study the failure mechanism of epoxy casting insulation under such kind of voltage. In this paper, pin-plane epoxy casting insulation samples with air gaps were prepared, and the relation between the electrical trees under the high frequency bipolar square-wave voltage and the air gap conditions and voltage frequencies (1~20 kHz) were studied. Results indicated that, with the presence of air gaps, the electrical trees were bush-type and had a relatively slow growth rate, which was different from the fast-growing branch-type trees in the samples without air gap. The electrical tree characteristics related with the size of air gap and voltage frequency were also studied. The electrical tree grew faster under higher voltage frequency or with a smaller air gap. Results proved that discharge introduced a lot of defects for the surface layer of the epoxy resin samples and hence induced the possibility of multi-directional expansion of electrical trees. In addition, the resulting heat accumulation and unique charge transport synergistically affected the electrical tree characteristics under the high frequency bipolar square-wave voltage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Air Gap on Electrical Tree in Epoxy Resin Under High Frequency Bipolar Square-Wave Voltage

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2020

Materials

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“…The critical field strength is drastically reduced due to lower pressures at higher altitudes. Thus, challenges with partial discharges can increase for motor windings as well as cable insulation in aircraft applications [41], [42]. Inside the aircraft body with the environmental control system (ECS) intact, the critical electric field is 25 kV per cm [43], which informs the insulation design of individual power components.…”

Section: ) Basic Mea Requirements and Reliability Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of WBG devices can also introduce additional challenges for the insulation system design in MEA and HEA applications. Generally, reducing the switching losses by taking advantage of the potential for faster switching of WBG devices, will increase the challenges with EMI and the potential for partial discharge activity in insulation materials [41], [42], [99]. Thus, the utilization of SiC devices in established converter topologies for S/G applications and other electromagnetic actuators, might lead to the need for dedicated dV /dt-filters [100], [101].…”

Section: Prospects and Challenges Of Ongoing Pec Developments For mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4) High-temperature solutions (needed for PMMs) with improved heat management of end-windings [192]. 5) High-voltage technology for high altitudes in aerospace applications (beyond 3 kV) [42], [193]. 6) Efficient and lightweight PECs, based on WBG devices, for loss reduction and ultra-high switching frequency.…”

Section: ) Needed Developments For Machines and Pecsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Power Machines and Starter-Generator Topologies for More Electric Aircraft: A Technology Outlook

et al. 2020

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More electric aircraft (MEA) architectures consist of several subsystems, which must all comply with the settled safety requirements of aerospace applications. Thus, achieving reliability and fault-tolerance represents the main cornerstone when classifying different solutions. Hybrid electric aircraft (HEA) extends the MEA concept by electrifying the propulsive power as well as the auxiliary power, and thereby pushing the limits of electrification. This paper gives an overview of the high-power electrical machine families and their associated power electronic converter (PEC) interfaces that are currently competing for aircraft power conversion systems. Various functionalities and starter-generator (S/G) solutions are also covered. In order to highlight the latest advancements, the efficiency of the world's most powerful aerospace generator (Mark 1) developed within the E-Fan X HEA project is graphically represented and assessed against other rivaling solutions. Motivated by the strict requirements on efficiency, power density, trustworthiness, as well as starting functionalities, supplementary considerations on the system-level design are paramount. In order to highlight the MEA goals and take advantage of all potential benefits, all subsystems must be treated as a whole. It is then shown that the combination of PECs, aircraft grid and electrical machines can be better adapted to benefit the overall system. This survey outlines the influence of these concerns and offers a view of the future technology outlook, as well as covering the present challenges and opportunities.

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“…It should be noted that according to the standard for aircraft power quality, the electric machine on the aircraft should be driven by sinusoidal voltage with distortion factor less than 2% [19]. Therefore, the harmonics caused by pulse‐width modulation (PWM) driver should be filtered by proper filters [20, 21], which means the experiment in this study is performed in a sinusoidal situation. The adoption of filters will inevitably lead to several disadvantages such as weight increase and efficiency decrease.…”

Section: Form‐wound Windings and Accelerated Aging Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulation condition forewarning of form‐wound winding for electric aircraft propulsion based on partial discharge and deep learning neural network

Wang

Han

et al. 2020

High Voltage

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Form‐wound windings in electric machines designed for electric aircraft propulsion face reliability challenges due to the severe operating environment, such as high temperature and low pressure. This study proposes a forewarning method for insulation condition monitoring of form‐wound windings based on partial discharge (PD) and deep learning neural network. Three PD features are extracted from the PD profile, which provides information about physics‐of‐failure and reflects the degree of insulation degradation. An algorithm fusion extracted from auto‐encoder and long short‐term recurrent neural network is proposed to synthesize one failure precursor from these three features and make multi‐time‐step prediction through historical data to provide forewarning. An electrical and thermal accelerated ageing test is performed on the form‐wound windings at 0.2 atm to simulate working environment of electric aircraft. The proposed method is validated on the accelerated ageing dataset and shows better prediction accuracy than some existing time‐series prediction methods, indicating the advantages of the proposed method. Moreover, an on‐line hardware setup using a deep learning processor is recommended to implement the forewarning method. The proposed approach has the potential to be widely applied to other insulation systems and contribute to work on condition monitoring.

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Partial Discharge Investigation of Form-Wound Electric Machine Winding for Electric Aircraft Propulsion

Cited by 32 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of Air Gap on Electrical Tree in Epoxy Resin Under High Frequency Bipolar Square-Wave Voltage

Effect of Air Gap on Electrical Tree in Epoxy Resin Under High Frequency Bipolar Square-Wave Voltage

High-Power Machines and Starter-Generator Topologies for More Electric Aircraft: A Technology Outlook

Insulation condition forewarning of form‐wound winding for electric aircraft propulsion based on partial discharge and deep learning neural network

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