Abstract. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) are apoptosis-inducing ligands that stimulate death receptors. In this study, we investigated the effects of bufotalin, a major compound in toad venom, on sensitizing TNF-α and TRAIL-induced apoptosis of HeLa cells. Bufotalin promoted death receptor-mediated cell death, especially TRAIL-induced apoptosis, through activation of caspase-3 and PARP-1. Mitochondrial Bid-dependent pathway was activated in TNF-α-induced cell death. Cotreatment of bufotalin with TRAIL resulted in the downregulation of antiapoptotic proteins, including Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, survivin and XIAP, and the up-regulation of MAPKs and TRAIL receptor DR5. In addition, phosphorylation of STAT1 was strongly inhibited by bufotalin. Moreover, DR5 expression was induced by knocking down the STAT1 expression. Moreover, the TRAIL-induced apoptotic response was promoted by STAT1 siRNA. Our results demonstrated that bufotalin is a powerful sensitizer of death receptor-induced apoptosis in cancer cells.
IntroductionMany chemotherapeutic agents induce tumor cell death by apoptosis. Apoptosis can be initiated by two distinct pathways: through mitochondria (intrinsic pathway) or through death receptors on the cell surface (extrinsic pathway). Induction of apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway leads to the breakdown of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c, and subsequently results in the activation of procaspase 9 within the so-called apoptosome (1). In addition, death ligands binding to the death receptors, including Fas, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1) or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor DR4/5, trigger extrinsic apoptosis pathways.TNF-α binds to TNF-R1, which recruits the adaptor molecule TRADD and FADD to activate a caspase cascade from the upstream initiator caspase-8 to the downstream effector caspase-3 (2,3). TRAIL is known to induce apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells through its action with two distinct receptors, DR4 and DR5. Bid, a member of the Bcl-2 family, is the main molecular linker connecting the death receptor pathway and the mitochondrial pathway. Bid can activate mitochondria via direct interaction with Bax or Bak. Cytosolic Bid is cleaved by caspase-8 at the amino terminus to generate a truncated form of Bid (tBid) that mediates cytochrome c release from mitochondria, which serves as an amplification signal by activating downstream effector caspases, including caspase-3 (4-8). Procaspase-3 can also be directly cleaved by caspase-8 in a mitochondrion-independent manner. In turn, effector caspases are responsible for cleaving cellular proteins, such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (9). Caspase cascade can be blocked by anti-apoptosis proteins, such as cIAP1/2, Bcl-xl, Mcl-1, Survivin and XIAP (10).Chan Su, toad venom, is a traditional Chinese medicine from the skin secretions of Bufo bufogargarizans Cantor and B. melsanostictus Schneider. It has been used to treat various diseases such as card...