Paroxysmal Spasm of the Eyelids as a Post-Encephalitic Manifestation

Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients.

“…In our series, an obvious cause was evident only in 14-3% of patients. These included Parkinson's disease and other forms of Parkinsonism, [9][10][11][12] neuroleptic-induced tardive dystonia'3 14 (other drugs including levodopa15 and nasal decongestants16 may also precipitate blepharospasm), and occasional focal structural lesions in basal ganglia,"7 18 diencephalon,19 or upper brainstem.2023 However, no consistent pathology has been found in the few cases of idiopathic blepharospasm that have come to necropsy. 2425 We have also examined the brains of three patients with blepharospasm and/or oromandibular dystonia; one was found to have a brainstem angioma, but no abnormality was discovered in the other three.…”

Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients.

“…In our series, an obvious cause was evident only in 14-3% of patients. These included Parkinson's disease and other forms of Parkinsonism, [9][10][11][12] neuroleptic-induced tardive dystonia'3 14 (other drugs including levodopa15 and nasal decongestants16 may also precipitate blepharospasm), and occasional focal structural lesions in basal ganglia,"7 18 diencephalon,19 or upper brainstem.2023 However, no consistent pathology has been found in the few cases of idiopathic blepharospasm that have come to necropsy. 2425 We have also examined the brains of three patients with blepharospasm and/or oromandibular dystonia; one was found to have a brainstem angioma, but no abnormality was discovered in the other three.…”

Selective Facial Neurectomy for Spastic Disorders of the Facial Nerve

“…A major theory suggests that the main lesions are in the motor inhibitory cortical system above the facial nuclepo-13 or in the bulbar reticular formation.r' Spastic disorders have been associated with progressive supranuclear palsies, parkinsonism, and various postencephalitic states. 6,[15][16][17][18] A second, small group of patients who have essential blepharospasm have had previous eye surgery or trauma. This is especially true following cataract procedures with implantable lenses, postirradiation iritis states (postmaxillectomy patients) and posttraumatic forms of ophthalmitis.…”

Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients.

“…In our series, an obvious cause was evident only in 14-3% of patients. These included Parkinson's disease and other forms of Parkinsonism, [9][10][11][12] neuroleptic-induced tardive dystonia'3 14 (other drugs including levodopa15 and nasal decongestants16 may also precipitate blepharospasm), and occasional focal structural lesions in basal ganglia,"7 18 diencephalon,19 or upper brainstem.2023 However, no consistent pathology has been found in the few cases of idiopathic blepharospasm that have come to necropsy. 2425 We have also examined the brains of three patients with blepharospasm and/or oromandibular dystonia; one was found to have a brainstem angioma, but no abnormality was discovered in the other three.…”

Selective Facial Neurectomy for Spastic Disorders of the Facial Nerve

“…A major theory suggests that the main lesions are in the motor inhibitory cortical system above the facial nuclepo-13 or in the bulbar reticular formation.r' Spastic disorders have been associated with progressive supranuclear palsies, parkinsonism, and various postencephalitic states. 6,[15][16][17][18] A second, small group of patients who have essential blepharospasm have had previous eye surgery or trauma. This is especially true following cataract procedures with implantable lenses, postirradiation iritis states (postmaxillectomy patients) and posttraumatic forms of ophthalmitis.…”

Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients.

“…In our series, an obvious cause was evident only in 14-3% of patients. These included Parkinson's disease and other forms of Parkinsonism, [9][10][11][12] neuroleptic-induced tardive dystonia'3 14 (other drugs including levodopa15 and nasal decongestants16 may also precipitate blepharospasm), and occasional focal structural lesions in basal ganglia,"7 18 diencephalon,19 or upper brainstem.2023 However, no consistent pathology has been found in the few cases of idiopathic blepharospasm that have come to necropsy. 2425 We have also examined the brains of three patients with blepharospasm and/or oromandibular dystonia; one was found to have a brainstem angioma, but no abnormality was discovered in the other three.…”

Selective Facial Neurectomy for Spastic Disorders of the Facial Nerve

“…A major theory suggests that the main lesions are in the motor inhibitory cortical system above the facial nuclepo-13 or in the bulbar reticular formation.r' Spastic disorders have been associated with progressive supranuclear palsies, parkinsonism, and various postencephalitic states. 6,[15][16][17][18] A second, small group of patients who have essential blepharospasm have had previous eye surgery or trauma. This is especially true following cataract procedures with implantable lenses, postirradiation iritis states (postmaxillectomy patients) and posttraumatic forms of ophthalmitis.…”