“…Targeted parents have also reported facing barriers to discussing their experience and obtaining help because parental alienation is poorly understood by professionals and non-professionals alike in society (Lee-Maturana, et al, 2018; Tavares, Crespo, & Ribeiro, 2021). Some studies have shown that mental health and legal professionals are lacking sufficient knowledge of how best to support individuals and families affected by parental alienation (Bow, Gould & Flens, 2009; Torun, Torun & Matthewson, 2021). Given the experience of targeted parents, it would be unsurprising if many targeted parents believed that justice is out of reach in their particular circumstances.…”