Parasites of Neotropical Primates: A Review

Solórzano‐García, Brenda; León, Gerardo Pérez‐Ponce de

doi:10.1007/s10764-018-0031-0

Cited by 43 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…i.e., Enterobius in Catarrhini, Lemuricola in Strepsirrhini, and Trypanoxyuris in Platyrrhini (Hugot, 1999). Currently, 21 species of Trypanoxyuris have been reported to infect Neotropical primates, with a particular species of pinworm for each genus or even species of monkey (Solórzano-García and Pérez-Ponce de León, 2018). This host specificity and the fact that several aspects of the parasite life history have been moulded by their host traits (Sorci et al, 2003), suggests a tight evolutionary association between pinworms and their primate hosts (Brooks and Glen, 1982; Hugot, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to determine the strength of the evolutionary links between pinworms and Neotropical primates, and to be able to assess the level in which coevolution has driven co-speciation and diversification of these parasites and their hosts, it is fundamental to pursue a comprehensive estimation of the pinworm diversity occurring in these primates. Parasitological studies are common in Neotropical primates (Solórzano-García and Pérez-Ponce de León, 2018), and valuable efforts have been made to assess their pinworm diversity (Conga et al, 2016; Hugot, 1985, 1984; Hugot et al, 1994; Solórzano-García et al, 2016, 2015; among others). However, the species of pinworms parasitizing most Neotropical primate species remain unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They live in groups of 2–16 individuals within a variety of ecosystems including gallery forests, semideciduous forests and lowland rainforests, distributing from Colombia and Northwestern Venezuela through Brazilian Amazon, eastern Ecuador and Peru (Cortes-Ortiz et al, 2015; Defler, 2003). Three species of Trypanoxyuris have been reported to parasitize howler monkeys, i.e., T. multilabiatus in A. palliata , T. pigrae in A. pigra (Solórzano-García et al, 2016); and T. minutus in A. belzebul , A. caraya , A. guariba , A. palliata , A. pigra , and A. seniculus (Solórzano-García and Pérez-Ponce de León, 2018). The main objective of this study was to use morphological and molecular data to uncover pinworm diversity in A. seniculus .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

Solórzano‐García

Ospina

Rondón

et al. 2020

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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Pinworms of primates are believed to be highly host specific parasites, forming co-evolutionary associations with their hosts. In order to assess the strength and reach of such evolutionary links, we need to have a broad understanding of the pinworm diversity associated with primates. Here, we employed an integrative taxonomic approach to assess pinworm diversity in red howler monkeys in Colombia. Molecular and morphological evidence validate the presence of at least four different species of Trypanoxyuris occurring in red howler monkeys: T. minutus, a widely distributed species, and three new species, T. seunimiii n. sp., T. kemuimae n. sp. and T. kotudoi n. sp. The mitochondrial COI gene and the 28S ribosomal gene were used for phylogenetic assessments through Bayesian inference. The three new species were morphologically distinct and formed reciprocally monophyletic lineages. Further molecular lineage subdivision in T. minutus and T. kotudoi n. sp. without morphological correspondence, suggests the potential scenario for the existence of cryptic species. Phylogenetic relationships imply that the different species of Trypanoxyuris occurring in each howler monkey species were acquired through independent colonization events. On-going efforts to uncover pinworm diversity will allow us to test the degree of host specificity and the co-phylogenetic hypothesis, as well as to further unravel the primate-pinworm evolutionary history puzzle.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

Solórzano‐García

Ospina

Rondón

et al. 2020

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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“…In contrast, in the absence of temporal data, comparative studies between isolated and more urban primate populations are effective at evaluating impacts of increased contact with humans (Salzer, Deutsch, Raño, Kuhlenschmidt, & Gillespie, 2010;Wenz, Heymann, Petney, & Taraschewski, 2009). Despite the utility of such studies, parts of the world with the highest primate diversity, such as the Neotropics, remain inadequately sampled for naturally occurring helminth parasites (reviewed in Hopkins & Nunn, 2007, but also see Solórzano-García & de León, 2018), and reliable baseline data that are required to detect changes over time and space are not commonly available.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Thus far, a multitude of studies have offered snapshots of parasite prevalences, focused on just one or two parasites of known interest, the sampling of a single primate host, or on data from health inspections, or necropsies, after animal extraction from the wild. Collectively they have created a broad foundation of primate parasite data (see Nunn & Altizer, 2005 for a detailed compilation; Solórzano-García & de León, 2018).…”

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confidence: 99%

A multiyear survey of helminths from wild saddleback (Leontocebus weddelli) and emperor (Saguinus imperator) tamarins

Erkenswick

Watsa

Gozalo

et al. 2019

American J Primatol

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The establishment of baseline data on parasites from wild primates is essential to understand how changes in habitat or climatic disturbances will impact parasite-host relationships. In nature, multiparasitic infections of primates usually fluctuate temporally and seasonally, implying that the acquisition of reliable data must occur over time.Individual parasite infection data from two wild populations of New World primates, the saddleback (Leontocebus weddelli) and emperor (Saguinus imperator) tamarin, were collected over 3 years to establish baseline levels of helminth prevalence and parasite species richness (PSR). Secondarily, we explored variation in parasite prevalence across age and sex classes, test nonrandom associations of parasite co-occurrence, and assess the relationship between group size and PSR. From 288 fecal samples across 105 individuals (71 saddleback and 34 emperor tamarins), 10 parasite taxa were identified by light microscopy following centrifugation and ethyl-acetate sedimentation. Of these taxa, none were host-specific, Dicrocoeliidae and Cestoda prevalences differed between host species, Prosthenorchis and Strongylida were the most prevalent. Host age was positively associated with Prosthenorchis ova and filariform larva, but negatively with cestode and the Rhabditoidea ova. We detected no differences between expected and observed levels of co-infection, nor between group size and parasite species richness over 30 group-years.Logistic models of individual infection status did not identify a sex bias; however, age and species predicted the presence of four and three parasite taxa, respectively, with saddleback tamarins exhibiting higher PSR. Now that we have reliable baseline data for future monitoring of these populations, next steps involve the molecular characterization of these parasites, and exploration of linkages with health parameters.

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Necropsies disclose a low helminth parasite diversity in periurban howler monkeys

Lopes

Klain

Chaves

et al. 2021

American J Primatol

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Primate-parasite interactions are often investigated via coprological studies given ethical and conservation restrictions of collecting primate hosts. Yet, these studies are inadequate to recover adult helminths for taxonomic identification and to accurately assess their prevalence, intensity, abundance, and site of infection. Fresh carcasses found in anthropogenic landscapes come as informative and reliable alternatives. In this study, we identified the helminths of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) and their sites of infection, and measured their prevalence, intensity, and abundance of infection. We necropsied 18 adult males, 11 adult females, and 7 juvenile males that died in conflicts with the anthropogenic environment (domestic dog attacks, n = 11; electrocutions and road-kills, n = 10 each; unknown, n = 5) in periurban landscapes of southern Brazil between 2013 and 2019. We found three nematodes (Trypanoxyuris minutus, Dipetalonema gracile, and Parabronema bonnei) and one cestode (Bertiella cf. studeri), a diversity estimated to account for a sampling completeness of 99%. Prevalence ranged from 3% for P. bonnei to 100% for T. minutus. Mean abundance ranged from 2 (D. gracile and B. cf. studeri) to 55,116 (T. minutus) and mean intensity of infection ranged from 4 (B. cf. studeri) to 55,116 (T. minutus). Trypanoxyuris minutus sex ratio was strongly malebiased. The intensity of infection with T. minutus was higher in juvenile males and adult females than in adult males. The low parasite diversity and the helminths' mode of transmission are compatible with howlers' arboreality and folivorous-frugivorous diet. The howlers were not infected with soil-transmitted helminth parasites of humans and domestic animals on the ground and probably did not eat invertebrates to complement the diet. Given the lack of evidence of howler health problems, we suggest that the causes of death of the necropsied howlers are the major threats to the long-term conservation of the species at the study periurban landscapes.

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Parasites of Neotropical Primates: A Review

Cited by 43 publications

References 65 publications

Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia: Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

A multiyear survey of helminths from wild saddleback (Leontocebus weddelli) and emperor (Saguinus imperator) tamarins

Necropsies disclose a low helminth parasite diversity in periurban howler monkeys

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