Paramutation

Brink, R. A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.07.120173.001021

Cited by 167 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…Gene silencing is a concern for biotechnological applications, in which reliable expression of an introduced gene is essential for maintenance of the desired trait(s) (Meyer, 1995 (Banks et al, 1988;Fedoroff, 1989) and paramutation in maize (Brink, 1973;Martienssen, 1996;Matzke et al, 1996). By providing data concerning methylation of the introduced sequences, our study not only adds transgenes to this category but also suggests the existence of common mechanisms for instigating methylation.…”

Section: Biotechnological Lmplications Of Homology-mediated Gene Silementioning

confidence: 93%

“…It has also been associated with paramutation (a natural example of trans-inactivation; Brink, 1973;Martienssen, 1996;Matzke et al, 1996) in maize. Methylation has often been associated with transgene inactivation in dicots (Finnegan and McElroy, 1994), and there is mounting evidence that de novo methylation is involved in gene silencing (Flavell, 1994).…”

Section: Transgene Silencing and Methylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epigenetic Transcriptional Silencing and 5-Azacytidine-Mediated Reactivation of a Complex Transgene in Rice

et al. 1997

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Despite a growing number of reports indicating non-Mendelian inheritance of transgene expression in monocots, no detailed description of the structure and stability of the transgene exists for transformants generated by direct DNA-transfer techniques, making the cause for these observations difficult to determine. In this paper we describe the complex organization of Btf crylllA and bar transgenes in rice (Oryza safiva 1.) that displayed aberrant segregation in R, progeny. Silencing rather than rearrangement of the bar gene was implicated because the herbicide-sensitive R, plants had a DNA hybridization profile identical to that of the resistant R, parent and R, siblings. Cenomic DNA analysis revealed substantial methylation of the Ubil/bar sequences in silenced plants and, to a lesser degree, in herbicide-resistant plants, suggesting that the transgene locus was potentiated for silencing. Nuclease protection and nuclear run-on assays confirmed that silencing was due to transcriptional inactivation. Treatment of R, progeny of silenced plants with 5-azacytidine resulted in demethylation of the Ubil promoter and reactivation of bar gene expression, demonstrating a functional relationship for methylation in gene silencing. These findings indicate that methylation-based silencing may be frequent in cereals transformed by direct DNA protocols that insert multiple, often rearranged sequences.

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Section: Biotechnological Lmplications Of Homology-mediated Gene Silementioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Transgene Silencing and Methylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic Transcriptional Silencing and 5-Azacytidine-Mediated Reactivation of a Complex Transgene in Rice

et al. 1997

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“…Variations in a DNA methylation pattern can also be inherited between generations, and examples of this include paramutations in plants (interaction between alleles that leads to a directed epigenetic heritable change in one of the interacting alleles [Brink 1973;Chandler 2007]); silencing of foreign duplicated sequences in fungi (Allshire and Selker 2007); variations in telomeric, centromeric, and rRNA regions (Karpen and Hawley 2007); and variations in transgenes and endogenous genes. Specific examples of all these types of transgenerational inheritance are presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Cellular Epigeneticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Implications for the Study of Heredity and Evolution

Jablonka

Raz²

2009

The Quarterly Review of Biology

1,413

1,179

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“…However, recent findings have raised the possibility that sperm RNA may also contribute. Historically, the first clear demonstration that epigenetic transgenerational inheritance can occur came from plant models, specifically maize (Brink, 1973). It has since been shown that multiple mechanisms involving a plant-specific RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, DNAme at noncoding tandem repeats, and siRNAs likely mediate the observed transgenerational epigenetic effects (Chandler, 2007;for review, see Stam, 2009;Chandler, 2010).…”

Section: Small Noncoding Rnas In Spermmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic Inheritance of Disease and Disease Risk

Bohacek

Mansuy

2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

148

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Epigenetic marks in an organism can be altered by environmental factors throughout life. Although changes in the epigenetic code can be positive, some are associated with severe diseases, in particular, cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent evidence has indicated that certain epigenetic marks can be inherited, and reshape developmental and cellular features over generations. This review examines the challenging possibility that epigenetic changes induced by environmental factors can contribute to some of the inheritance of disease and disease risk. This concept has immense implications for the understanding of biological functions and disease etiology, and provides potential novel strategies for diagnosis and treatment. Examples of epigenetic inheritance relevant to human disease, such as the detrimental effects of traumatic stress or drug/toxic exposure on brain functions, are reviewed. Different possible routes of transmission of epigenetic information involving the germline or germline-independent transfer are discussed, and different mechanisms for the maintenance and transmission of epigenetic information like chromatin remodeling and small noncoding RNAs are considered. Future research directions and remaining major challenges in this field are also outlined. Finally, the adaptive value of epigenetic inheritance, and the cost and benefit of allowing acquired epigenetic marks to persist across generations is critically evaluated.

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Paramutation

Cited by 167 publications

References 0 publications

Epigenetic Transcriptional Silencing and 5-Azacytidine-Mediated Reactivation of a Complex Transgene in Rice

Epigenetic Transcriptional Silencing and 5-Azacytidine-Mediated Reactivation of a Complex Transgene in Rice

Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Implications for the Study of Heredity and Evolution

Epigenetic Inheritance of Disease and Disease Risk

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