Pandemic Risk Management for Public Health Care Schemes

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has caused a large death, a range of serious health problems, and significant economic costs in many countries around the world. This study analyzes statistical characteristics of pandemic disasters using historical records since the Middle Ages. Compared to literature which studies the effect of the COVID- 19 pandemic on the financial market, this paper attempts to find two financial instruments in the financial market to hedge pandemic risks. Two instruments could be useful for public health care schemes to increase their assets or decrease their liabilities during the pandemic period, namely, assets in the form of a biotechnology investment portfolio and liabilities in the form of pandemic bonds. Empirical results show the feasibility of such instruments and the informational efficiency of the U.S. stock market.

A Well-Designed Implement for Promoting Population Health and Property via Insurance

“…On the other hand, epidemics and pandemics have damaged humanity throughout recorded history, as shown in Table 1. The pandemic frequency over the past 300 years, roughly corresponding to the post-Industrial Revolution period, the outbreaks per 100 years increase twice as before (from 2 to 4) (21).…”

Noise Level Analysis Due to Motor Vehicle Traffic: A Case Study at UIN Raden Intan Lampung

“…When discussing environmental issues, we often find ourselves ensnared in the macroperspective-climate change, deforestation, or ocean pollution [1][2][3]. However, beyond these headlines lies a more immediate concern affecting our daily lives: air pollution and noise [4]. These two elements aren't just numbers on a chart or looming disasters; they are tangible, audible, and even inhalable aspects of our everyday reality.…”

“…What may initially appear as a sign of an educational institution's success-increased enrollment-can swiftly morph into a double-edged sword if not managed prudently. Noise and air pollution are not merely aesthetic or comfort issues; they have tangible impacts on academic performance, psychological well-being, and even the physical health of both students and staff [4,5]. Imagine attempting to focus in the library while the cacophony of passing vehicles reverberates through the campus, or navigating to classes amid a palpable haze of exhaust.…”