Palladium Supported on Bioinspired Materials as Catalysts for C–C Coupling Reactions

Abstract

In recent years, the immobilization of palladium nanoparticles on solid supports to prepare active and stable catalytic systems has been deeply investigated. Compared to inorganic materials, naturally occurring organic solids are inexpensive, available and abundant. Moreover, the surface of these solids is fully covered by chelating groups which can stabilize the metal nanoparticles. In the present review, we have focused our attention on natural biomaterials-supported metal catalysts applied to the formation of C–C bonds by Mizoroki–Heck, Suzuki–Miyaura and Sonogashira reactions. A systematic approach based on the nature of the organic matrix will be followed: (i) metal catalysts supported on cellulose; (ii) metal catalysts supported on starch; (iii) metal catalysts supported on pectin; (iv) metal catalysts supported on agarose; (v) metal catalysts supported on chitosan; (vi) metal catalysts supported on proteins and enzymes. We will emphasize the effective heterogeneity and recyclability of each catalyst, specifying which studies were carried out to evaluate these aspects.

Supramolecular Pd@methioine-EDTA-chitosan nanocomposite: an effective and recyclable bio-based and eco-friendly catalyst for the green Heck cross-coupling reaction under mild conditions

“…In this regard, different catalysts have been introduced to facilitate the recycling and reuse of the catalysts and for purication of the desired products without any transition metal contamination, as well as avoiding the use of toxic ligands and reducing the consumption of precious Pd, which address the drawbacks of the previous protocols. 48,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] One of the emerging improvements in the design and preparation of heterogeneous functionalized catalytic systems is graing appropriate moieties onto the surface of renewable and biodegradable naturally occurring biopolymeric materials. This approach demostrates several advantages, including its ecologically benign nature, use of abundant supports, easy recyclability, and proper biodegrability, which all address the aims of green and sustainable chemistry in the 21st century.…”

Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles Supported over Fused Graphene-like Material for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

“…Palladium is widely used as catalysts in various chemical reactions due to its unique properties. Palladium nanoparticles possess a high surface-to-volume ratio, which provides a large number of active sites for catalytic reactions [31][32][33]. The small size of the nanoparticles enhances their reactivity and promotes efficient catalytic activity.…”

“…For example, palladium nanoparticles catalyze the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated organic compounds, such as alkenes and alkynes, leading to the formation of saturated compounds. Palladium nanoparticles are used in various cross-coupling reactions, such as Suzuki-Miyaura, Heck, and Sonogashira reactions [31][32][33]. These reactions involve the formation of carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds.…”

“…This includes the selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones. Palladium nanoparticles are employed in the synthesis of complex organic molecules, such as natural products and pharmaceuticals, by facilitating carbon-carbon bond formation reactions such as Heck and Stille reactions [31][32][33]. Palladium nanoparticles are utilized as catalysts in fuel cells to promote the oxidation of hydrogen or methanol, generating electricity.…”

“…Palladium nanoparticles are utilized as catalysts in fuel cells to promote the oxidation of hydrogen or methanol, generating electricity. In previous studies, palladium nanoparticles were shown to effectively enhance the hydrogen evolution reaction [28][29][30][31][32][33]. Palladium nanoparticles can be synthesized using various methods, including chemical reduction, thermal decomposition, and colloidal synthesis.…”