Palaeodietary and Palaeoclimatic Reconstruction for Late Miocene Hipparionines from the Siwaliks of Pakistan

Abstract

Authors' Contribution CG conceived and designed the study and collected the data. CG and MMT wrote the article. EE analyzed the data.

Diet and habitat of late Miocene herbivore mammals from Nurpur, District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India

“…By integrating the data of late Miocene herbivore mammals from Pakistan (Waseem, Khan, Ghaffar, et al, 2021;Waseem, Khan, Quade, & Nelson, 2021), Afghanistan (Zazzo et al, 2002), Tibetan Plateau (Hu et al, 2021), Greece , India Patnaik, Milankumar, et al, 2014), and the present data, an overall picture is illustrated in Figure 5. analysed eight species of herbivorous mammals from the late Miocene ($7 Ma) deposits of Samos, Greece.…”

“…The diet of equids prior to 8 Ma was dominantly C3, but after 8 Ma the trend started shifting towards the C4 dietary niche (Cerling et al, 1993). Patnaik, Milankumar, et al (2014) (Waseem, Khan, Ghaffar, et al, 2021;Waseem, Khan, Quade, & Nelson, 2021).…”

“…Interestingly, our present data from Nurpur shows a similar trend when plotted on the graph (Figure 5). In the case of hipparionine, the stable isotopic data from the late Miocene of Pakistan (8.8-7.7 Ma) found that early hipparions were dominantly C3 feeders, whereas later species were mixed feeders (Waseem, Khan, Ghaffar, et al, 2021;Waseem, Khan, Quade, & Nelson, 2021).…”

“…We also thank Dr. A. C. Nanda for the discussion. We also thank the F I G U R E 5 Isotopic cross-plots of late Miocene herbivores mammals from Xunhua Basin, Tibetan Plateau (Hu et al, 2021); Potwar Plateau, Pakistan (Waseem, Khan, Ghaffar, et al, 2021;Waseem, Khan, Quade, & Nelson, 2021); Molayan, Afghanistan (Zazzo et al, 2002); Samos, Greece ; and India (Patnaik, Milankumar, et al, 2014; and this study).…”

“…In the present study, we assumed δ 13 C enamel value from À16‰ to À14‰ for sub-canopy browsing in a close forest, À14‰ to À12‰ for browsing in forests, and À12‰ to À8‰ for browsing in woodlands (Cerling et al, 2004;Cerling, Harris, Ambrose, et al, 1997;Cerling, Harris, MacFadden, et al, 1997;Domingo et al, 2012;Kohn, 2010;Waseem, Khan, Ghaffar, et al, 2021;Waseem, Khan, Quade, & Nelson, 2021).…”