2012
DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962012000400001
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Pain in photodynamic therapy: mechanism of action and management strategies

Abstract: Photodynamic therapy involves administration of a photosensitizing drug and its subsequent activation by irradiation with a light source at wavelengths matching the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizer. In many countries around the world, topical photodynamic therapy has been approved for treatment of cutaneous oncologic conditions such as actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, and superficial basal cell carcinoma. Multicenter, randomized, controlled studies have confirmed its efficacy and superior cosmetic… Show more

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Cited by 43 publications
(32 citation statements)
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“…It has the advantage of allowing application to multiple lesions. Pain, edema, erythema, pigmentation, and pustules are among the main complications, with the most common complaint being pain during delivery of treatment 4,5. In this paper, we review the evidence for current applications of PDT in dermatology.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has the advantage of allowing application to multiple lesions. Pain, edema, erythema, pigmentation, and pustules are among the main complications, with the most common complaint being pain during delivery of treatment 4,5. In this paper, we review the evidence for current applications of PDT in dermatology.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, one therapy that has not proven effi cacious is topical anesthetics in PDT. It is postulated that since both ALA and MAL have an acidic pH and the majority of the topical anesthetics have an alkaline pH, their combined use is incompatible (Chaves et al 2012 ).…”
Section: Adverse Effects and Managementmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Pain level increases with irradiance; however, the exact pain mechanism remains unclear. 10 Significant advances in light dosimetry studies of PDT have been obtained for in vivo propagation models, which correlate incident irradiance and physiological outcomes in biological materials. 11,12 However, light dosimetry is hardly controllable in vivo because of irregularly shaped lesions, segmentation difficulty in normal areas, the patient's movement during the treatment, and so on.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%