Oxytocin Release and Plasma Anterior Pituitary and Gonadal Hormones in Women during Lactation*

Dawood, M. Yusoff; Khan-Dawood, Firyal S.; Wahi, Ranjit S.; Fuchs, Fritz

doi:10.1210/jcem-52-4-678

Cited by 106 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It is thought that oxytocin is more diluted in milk because milk secretion increases day by day. The effect of suckling on oxytocin concentrations in milk is similar to that seen in blood (Weitzman et al, 1980;Dawood et al, 1981), and in rat dams, the administered 3H-oxytocin is transferred to milk. It is suggested that oxytocin can be transferred from blood into milk in humans.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 57%

Concentrations and origin of oxytocin in breast milk.

1986

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 57%

Concentrations and origin of oxytocin in breast milk.

1986

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“…Oxytocin spikes in the maternal circulation within a few minutes of the baby being put to the breast (230,655). C) SUMMARY.…”

Section: Sex Steroids and Other Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Mineral and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Post-Weaning Recovery

Kovacs

2016

Physiological Reviews

362

524

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During pregnancy and lactation, female physiology adapts to meet the added nutritional demands of fetuses and neonates. An average full-term fetus contains ϳ30 g calcium, 20 g phosphorus, and 0.8 g magnesium. About 80% of mineral is accreted during the third trimester; calcium transfers at 300-350 mg/day during the final 6 wk. The neonate requires 200 mg calcium daily from milk during the first 6 mo, and 120 mg calcium from milk during the second 6 mo (additional calcium comes from solid foods). Calcium transfers can be more than double and triple these values, respectively, in women who nurse twins and triplets. About 25% of dietary calcium is normally absorbed in healthy adults. Average maternal calcium intakes in American and Canadian women are insufficient to meet the fetal and neonatal calcium requirements if normal efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is relied upon. However, several adaptations are invoked to meet the fetal and neonatal demands for mineral without requiring increased intakes by the mother. During pregnancy the efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption doubles, whereas during lactation the maternal skeleton is resorbed to provide calcium for milk. This review addresses our current knowledge regarding maternal adaptations in mineral and skeletal homeostasis that occur during pregnancy, lactation, and post-weaning recovery. Also considered are the impacts that these adaptations have on biochemical and hormonal parameters of mineral homeostasis, the consequences for long-term skeletal health, and the presentation and management of disorders of mineral and bone metabolism.

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“…It acts on a G protein-coupled receptor (Oxtr), the expression of which in reproductive tissues is regulated by sex steroids and OT. In humans and rodents, plasma OT levels are elevated maximally during suckling (1,2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxytocin is an anabolic bone hormone

Tamma

Colaianni

Zhu

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

231

289

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We report that oxytocin (OT), a primitive neurohypophyseal hormone, hitherto thought solely to modulate lactation and social bonding, is a direct regulator of bone mass. Deletion of OT or the OT receptor (Oxtr) in male or female mice causes osteoporosis resulting from reduced bone formation. Consistent with low bone formation, OT stimulates the differentiation of osteoblasts to a mineralizing phenotype by causing the up-regulation of BMP-2, which in turn controls Schnurri-2 and 3, Osterix, and ATF-4 expression. In contrast, OT has dual effects on the osteoclast. It stimulates osteoclast formation both directly, by activating NF-B and MAP kinase signaling, and indirectly through the up-regulation of RANK-L. On the other hand, OT inhibits bone resorption by mature osteoclasts by triggering cytosolic Ca 2؉ release and NO synthesis. Together, the complementary genetic and pharmacologic approaches reveal OT as a novel anabolic regulator of bone mass, with potential implications for osteoporosis therapy.osteoblast ͉ osteoclast ͉ osteoporosis ͉ pituitary hormones ͉ bone density O xytocin (OT), a hypothalamic nanopeptide secreted into the circulation from the posterior pituitary, is indispensable for lactation. It acts on a G protein-coupled receptor (Oxtr), the expression of which in reproductive tissues is regulated by sex steroids and OT. In humans and rodents, plasma OT levels are elevated maximally during suckling (1, 2).Mice lacking OT or its receptor (Oxtr) are unable to lactate, despite unperturbed breast tissue and milk formation (3, 4). Most notably, newborn pups die shortly after birth in the absence of a foster mother postpartum. This effect of OT is exerted peripherally, as the i.p. administration of recombinant OT to OT Ϫ/Ϫ mice rescues milk ejection, allowing the newborn to feed normally. In contrast to the milk ejection defect, no deficits in copulation, gestation, fecundity, or parturition have been noted in either OT Ϫ/Ϫ or Oxtr Ϫ/Ϫ mice, suggesting that these mice are typically eugonadal (5). Furthermore, compound mutants with both the Oxtr and the prostaglandin F2␣ receptor deleted exhibit no defects in parturition, indicating significant redundancy in the birth process per se (5). However, in view of the established pharmacology of circulating OT on the uterine myometrium, the possibility of a physiological action of OT during childbirth cannot be excluded, even without a loss-of-function phenotype.Two other key actions of OT warrant mention: effects on social , behavior and on the regulation of food intake. Male OT Ϫ/Ϫ and Oxtr Ϫ/Ϫ mice show deficits in social recognition, without altered cognition or olfactory learning. That this social amnesia is a central rather than a peripheral action of OT is supported by the observation that recombinant OT injected directly into the amygdala rescues the defect (6). Compared with males, female OT or Oxtr null mice display anxiety and exaggerated stress responses, which are likewise mediated through central OT-ergic neurones (7). OT also is involved in the reg...

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Oxytocin Release and Plasma Anterior Pituitary and Gonadal Hormones in Women during Lactation*

Cited by 106 publications

References 25 publications

Concentrations and origin of oxytocin in breast milk.

Concentrations and origin of oxytocin in breast milk.

Maternal Mineral and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Post-Weaning Recovery

Oxytocin is an anabolic bone hormone

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