Oxygen uptake kinetics and middle distance swimming performance

Reis, Joana; Alves, Francisco; Bruno, Paula M.; Vleck, Veronica; Millet, Grégoire P.

doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.05.012

Cited by 44 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Moreover, the observed V O peak values were similar to those obtained for the 100 m front crawl (Reis et al 2010;Rodriguez et al 2003), but lower than those presented for the 200 m front crawl , evidencing that appropriate oxygen supply and utilization should not be neglected even in short duration swimming efforts (if conducted at maximal intensity). Corroborating these findings, the V O 2 mean amplitude value was not only comparable to that previously described for extreme intensity effort ), but also similar to the values observed for severe intensity swimming (Fernandes and Vilas-Boas 2012; Reis et al 2012b;Sousa et al 2014), where V O 2max is commonly attained. Nevertheless, it is important to note that these comparisons did not consider the eventual V O 2max dissimilarities among subjects of the different reported studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}$$ V ˙ O 2 kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme swimming intensity

et al. 2014

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Despite the short duration of the event, the aerobic energy contribution covers about 50 % of total metabolic energy liberation, highlighting that both aerobic and anaerobic energy processes should be developed to improve the 100 m swimming performance. Lower limbs action provided an important contribution in the energy availability in working muscles being advised its full use in this short duration and very high-intensity event.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}$$ V ˙ O 2 kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme swimming intensity

et al. 2014

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“…Furthermore, both linear and non-linear analyses were performed to find the best model for each point of interest. The study is limited since variables such as physiological parameters [61], anthropometric characteristics [62], training data [62], previous experience [63], nutrition [64,65] and motivational [66] factors were not considered but may have influenced the results. Further studies need to investigate why swimming speeds in elite long-distance swimming plateaued from 2000–2012 and why the sex difference of performance in long-distance swimming was smaller than expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of sex differences in open-water ultra-distance swimming performances in the FINA World Cup races in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km from 2000 to 2012

Zingg

Rüst

Rosemann

et al. 2014

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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BackgroundThe present study investigated the changes in swimming speeds and sex differences for elite male and female swimmers competing in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km open-water FINA World Cup races held between 2000 and 2012.MethodsThe changes in swimming speeds and sex differences across years were analysed using linear, non-linear, and multi-level regression analyses for the annual fastest and the annual ten fastest competitors.ResultsFor the annual fastest, swimming speed remained stable for men and women in 5 km (5.50 ± 0.21 and 5.08 ± 0.19 km/h, respectively), in 10 km (5.38 ± 0.21 and 5.05 ± 0.26 km/h, respectively) and in 25 km (5.03 ± 0.32 and 4.58 ± 0.27 km/h, respectively). In the annual ten fastest, swimming speed remained constant in 5 km in women (5.02 ± 0.19 km/h) but decreased significantly and linearly in men from 5.42 ± 0.03 km/h to 5.39 ± 0.02 km/h. In 10 km, swimming speed increased significantly and linearly in women from 4.75 ± 0.01 km/h to 5.74 ± 0.01 km/h but remained stable in men at 5.36 ± 0.21 km/h. In 25 km, swimming speed decreased significantly and linearly in women from 4.60 ± 0.06 km/h to 4.44 ± 0.08 km/h but remained unchanged at 4.93 ± 0.34 km/h in men. For the annual fastest, the sex difference in swimming speed remained unchanged in 5 km (7.6 ± 3.0%), 10 km (6.1 ± 2.5%) and 25 km (9.0 ± 3.7%). For the annual ten fastest, the sex difference remained stable in 5 km at 7.6 ± 0.6%, decreased significantly and linearly in 10 km from 7.7 ± 0.7% to 1.2 ± 0.3% and increased significantly and linearly from 4.7 ± 1.4% to 9.6 ± 1.5% in 25 km.ConclusionsTo summarize, elite female open-water ultra-distance swimmers improved in 10 km but impaired in 25 km leading to a linear decrease in sex difference in 10 km and a linear increase in sex difference in 25 km. The linear changes in sex differences suggest that women will improve in the near future in 10 km, but not in 25 km.

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“…From a methodological standpoint, swimming imposes limitations in obtaining valid and reliable measures of VO 2 kinetics [11,23], and it was only recently that the development of swimming snorkels suitable for breath-by-breath portable oxymetry [16,24] allowed assessing VO 2 dynamics in pool conditions. However, most studies have focused on constant-load, 6-7-min square transitions within the range of moderate to severe-intensity exercise [19,21,22,31]. Whereas VO 2 kinetics parameters within these intensity domains have been related to sports performance [4,15], the physiological responses within the extreme-intensity exercise domain and their relation with exercise performance are still largely unexplored, particularly in swimming.…”

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confidence: 99%

VO2 Kinetics in All-out Arm Stroke, Leg Kick and Whole Stroke Front Crawl 100-m Swimming

Rodríguez

Lätt

Jürimäe³

et al. 2015

Int J Sports Med

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The VO2 response to extreme-intensity exercise and its relationship with sports performance are largely unexplored. This study investigated the pulmonary VO2 kinetics during all-out 100-m front crawl whole stroke swimming (S), arm stroke (A) and leg kick (L). 26 male and 10 female competitive swimmers performed an all-out S trial followed by A and L of equal duration in random order. Breath-by-breath VO2 was measured using a snorkel attached to a portable gas analyzer. Mean (±SD) primary component parameters and peak blood lactate (Lapeak) during S, A, and L were, respectively: time delay (s), 14.2 ± 4.7, 14.3 ± 4.5, 15.6 ± 5.1; amplitude (ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)), 46.8 ± 6.1, 37.3 ± 6.9, 41.0 ± 4.7; time constant (τ, s): 9.2 ± 3.2, 12.4 ± 4.7, 10.1 ± 3.2; Lapeak (mmol·l(-1)), 6.8 ± 3.1, 6.3 ± 2.5, 7.9 ± 2.8. During A and L respectively, 80% and 87% of amplitude in S was reached, whereas A+L were 68% greater than in S. 100-m performance was associated to shorter cardiodynamic phase and greater VO2 amplitude and Lapeak (accounting up to 61% of performance variance), but not to τ. We conclude that (i) VO2 gain was proportional to exercise intensity and muscle mass involved, (ii) kicking is metabolically less efficient, and (iii) the main limiting factor of peak VO2 appears to be O2 delivery and not muscle extraction.

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Oxygen uptake kinetics and middle distance swimming performance

Cited by 44 publications

References 26 publications

$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}$$ V ˙ O 2 kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme swimming intensity

$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}$$ V ˙ O 2 kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme swimming intensity

Analysis of sex differences in open-water ultra-distance swimming performances in the FINA World Cup races in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km from 2000 to 2012

VO2 Kinetics in All-out Arm Stroke, Leg Kick and Whole Stroke Front Crawl 100-m Swimming

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