Oxygen radicals production and actin filament disruption in bivalve haemocytes treated with benzo(a)pyrene

4-Nonylphenol induces immunomodulation and apoptotic events in the clam Tapes philippinarum

“…In addition, the lost of amoeboid shape of haemocytes from T. philippinarum may be a consequence of ROS-mediated alterations in cytoskeleton organisation. Gómez-Mendikute et al (2002) found that oxidative stress mediated by increased levels of ROS (O 2 -, in particular) causes modifications in the cytoskeletal proteins of haemocytes from Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed in vitro to PAHs, provoking the disorganisation of the cytoskeleton. In this regard, it is important to emphasise that a significant inhibition of SOD activity was recorded in haemocytes from NP-exposed clams, suggesting that cells were unable to eliminate O 2 -.…”

“…The cationic probe, NR (Merck), was used to evaluate haemocyte membrane stability after NP exposure. Alterations in its uptake are commonly recognised as an indicator of cell damage in in vitro studies (Gómez-Mendikute et al 2002, Matozzo et al 2002. Haemolymph (final volume = 1 ml) from both NP-treated and untreated clams (controls) was centrifuged at 780 × g for 10 min, haemocytes were resuspended in an equal volume of 8 mg l -1 NR dye solution in filtered seawater (FSW) and then incubated at 25°C for 30 min.…”

“…Alterations in immunocompetence have been reported for bivalves after exposure, both in vitro and in vivo, to organic and inorganic contaminants, such as heavy metals (Cheng & Sullivan 1984, Cheng 1988, Viarengo et al 1994, Pipe et al 1999, Matozzo et al 2001, Sauvé et al 2002, organotins (Fisher et al 1990, Auffret & Oubella 1997, Cima et al 1998, Matozzo et al 2002, fungicides (Alvarez & Friedl 1992), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Sami et al 1992, Coles et al 1994, Grundy et al 1996, Gómez-Mendikute et al 2002 and chlorinated phenols (Florence et al 1997). Among the functional responses of bivalve circulating cells, total haemocyte count (THC), viability, motility, aggregation and adhesion capability, phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activities, and lysosomal and cell membrane stability are all generally recognised as useful biomarkers in immunotoxicity studies.…”

Identification of glutaredoxin 1 and glutaredoxin 2 genes from Venerupis philippinarum and their responses to benzo[a]pyrene and bacterial challenge

“…This may be explained by the fact that ROS increased quickly after the BaP stress [28] and a rapid activation of VpGrx1 and VpGrx2 mRNA transcription was required to ensure the synthesis of Grxs. As time progressed on, the ROS induced by BaP stress was eliminated by antioxidants including VpGrx1 and VpGrx2, and then the transcripts decreased to the original level at 96 h. It has been reported the expression of Grx transcript could be induced by pollutant exposure.…”

Effects of Benzo(a)pyrene and Ethanol on Morphology and Antioxidant Status and Transaminases in Rat Liver

“…It is a chemical carcinogen and teratogenic agent, and is produced spontaneously by environmental pollution such as traffic clustering and industrial production [11][12][13][14]. The carcinogenesis mechanism of [B(a)P] has been reported to involve DNA adduct formation during initiation stages.…”