Oxygen-induced doping on reduced PEDOT

Mitraka, Evangelia; Jafari, Mohammad Javad; Vagin, Mikhail; Liu, Xianjie; Fahlman, Mats; Ederth, Thomas; Berggren, Magnus; Jonsson, Magnus P.; Crispin, Xavier

doi:10.1039/c6ta10521a

Cited by 110 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…This is however unlikely since PEDOT:PSS already is in a doped state and further doping is difficult to achieve since a higher concentration of polarons will lead to overoxidation that degrades the polymer. [30] As is evident from the FTIR-spectra, there are no significant peak shifts and therefore the change in conductivity must be due to a morphological change (i.e., secondary doping). However, to be sure that the doping state is unchanged, we performed FTIR-ATR measurements on PEDOT:PSS with and without ARS.…”

Section: Secondary Dopant Effect By Arsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Improving the Performance of Paper Supercapacitors Using Redox Molecules from Plants

Edberg

Brooke²,

Granberg

et al. 2019

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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availability of renewable energy. While batteries can store large amount of energy per unit mass/volume (energy density), supercapacitors can typically be charged and discharged at relatively higher rates and possess generally a longer lifetime. Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have one of the highest energy densities among commercial batteries and are already used in grid-scale electrical energy storage systems. However, LIB systems are typically expensive to manufacture, and the restrictions and precautions that apply to largescale LIBs with respect to transportation and operation are rigorous, due to that battery failure may cause fires and explosions. Besides cost, safety, and lifetime, another important aspect, which is less frequently discussed, is the environmental impact of different energy storage technologies; recycling is particularly challenging for LIB technology. Battery technologies rely on a vast array of metals that are extracted through rare earth mining and bottlenecks in the supply of these materials is a challenge. This (surface) mining industry consumes large amounts of energy in itself, leaves our planet with scars and produces great amounts of waste that is utterly difficult and costly to clean. Many of these metals are also toxic and may cause many problems if leakage of the battery components occurs due to improper disposal. Finally, there are no efficient large-scale recycling procedures for many battery technologies (e.g., LIB) as of today. [1] In the search for green energy storage solutions, more and more attention has been focused on organic materials such as using conductive polymers and redox-active molecules. [2] Organic materials can be manufactured and processed at high volumes, at low temperatures, thus enabling a cost-effective production process of energy storage technologies. Many organic materials are flexible and can be dissolved in aqueous or organic solvents, which allows for high-throughput manufacturing techniques, such as using printing, coating, and lamination. Several conductive polymers, such as polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), have been widely studied and explored as the electrode materials in batteries and supercapacitors. [3] PEDOT is considered to be one of the most chemically, electrochemically, and mechanically stable conductive polymers, especially when combined with the polymeric counter-ion poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS). Also, PEDOT:PSS has a high mixed ionic and electronic conductivity, but exhibits a relatively low specific capacitance of about 30-40 F g −1 . [4] A supercapacitor made from organic and nature-based materials, such as conductive polymers (PEDOT:PSS), nanocellulose, and an the organic dye molecule (alizarin), is demonstrated. The dye molecule, which historically was extracted from the roots of the plant rubia tinctorum, is here responsible for the improvement in energy storage capacity, while the conductive polymer provides bulk charge transport within the composite electrode. The forest-...

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Section: Secondary Dopant Effect By Arsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Improving the Performance of Paper Supercapacitors Using Redox Molecules from Plants

Edberg

Brooke²,

Granberg

et al. 2019

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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“…Later, they synthesized the PEDOT microflowers and found these PEDOT microflowers suppress the unwanted side reaction. Mitraka et al . revealed that the PEDOT electrode is electrochemically reduced (undoped) in the voltage range of ORR regime, which means it has a low conductivity.…”

Section: Carbon‐free Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon‐Free Cathode Materials for Li−O₂ Batteries

Cao

Shuaishuai

et al. 2019

Batteries & Supercaps

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Rechargeable lithium‐oxygen batteries, especially the nonaqueous lithium‐oxygen batteries have attracted much attention in recent years due to their high energy densities. However, few critical challenges remain to be overcome, including the low round‐trip efficiency, high charge overpotential, poor cycling performance, decomposition of electrolyte, and instability of the carbon‐based electrode. Among these, the instability of the carbon‐based electrode is one of the major problems that hindered the practical application of the Li−O2 batteries. Much work has been done to solve this problem and there are two widely‐applied strategies: modification of carbon and designing a “carbon‐free” cathode. In this review, we will introduce recent achievements of both strategies.

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“…The EDS analysis clearly shows that the polymer is present throughout the fiber wall (location 1042 to 1047 in Figure 2c and location 139 to 141 in Figure 2f), in both types of samples, indicating sufficient penetration of the EDOT monomer through the fiber wall during impregnation. [31] At moderate negative potentials, versus the Ag/AgCl reference potential, the presence of oxygen and ORR in itself renders PEDOT relatively more conducting as compared to applying the same negative potentials to PEDOT while maintained in a N 2 atmosphere. This also indicates that the monomer penetrates the fiber wall from two directions: from the fiber surroundings and from the inner core (lumen) of the fiber.…”

Section: Wwwadvsustainsyscommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, in both i-OS and i-CS CF-PEDOT samples, the polymer content is relatively higher on the surface (location 1042, 1044, 1045, and 1047 in Figure 2c and location 139 and 141 in Figure 2f) of the fiber wall as compared to the middle of the wall. [31] The increase in conductivity, upon exposure to O 2 , is essential when using the conducting polymer as the air electrode in fuel cell applications. However, the absolute amount of polymer in the two types of CF-PEDOT samples (i-OS vs i-CS systems) differs vastly; in fact, the CF walls of the i-OS CF-PEDOT samples contain up to five times more PEDOT while comparing with the i-CS samples, thus indicating the difficulty of the EDOT monomer to penetrate the collapsed fiber walls.…”

Section: Wwwadvsustainsyscommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[31] At moderate negative potentials, versus the Ag/AgCl reference potential, the presence of oxygen and ORR in itself renders PEDOT relatively more conducting as compared to applying the same negative potentials to PEDOT while maintained in a N 2 atmosphere. [31] The difference in conductivity when comparing thin films and CFcomposite samples, although the same reactant recipe is used, could be attributed to that the EDOT impregnation, within the 3D CF composite then followed by polymerization, generates an utterly different PEDOT morphology as compared to thin films formed via direct polymerization along, e.g., a planar glass substrate. The conductivity of the stand-alone PEDOT-paper composites is given in Figure 3a.…”

Section: Wwwadvsustainsyscommentioning

confidence: 99%

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PEDOT‐Cellulose Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Disposable Fuel Cells

Mitraka

Vagin

Sjöstedt

et al. 2019

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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sources is to find an efficient way to store the energy. Indeed, the sun, the wind, the waves are intermittent and the power generated by those energy sources fluctuate at various timescales. An energy storage solution is required to damp those fluctuations and provide a constant power output for the power plant. Here, various energy storage solutions are needed because the fluctuations take place at various timescales: from seconds (a cloud passes over the power solar cell) to months (winter/summer). For short timescale, supercapacitors and batteries are ideal, for hours to days, batteries are good candidates, but for larger timescale, batteries fail because of self-discharge. Because fuel storage is a well-established technology with no loses, we can consider the combination of fuel storage with fuel cell as a promising energy storage solution with no self-discharge issue like batteries. While they were originally intended to replace combustion engines, [5] fuel cells are nowadays considered as crucial players for energy storage solutions that require long storage time.Low-temperature fuel cells, such as proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), represent the most interesting fuel cell technology. Hydrogen and air oxygen are the most intriguing couple for PEMFC due to the high energy density of hydrogen as a fuel, abundance of oxygen as the oxidizer, and water vapor as the only exhaust. Utilizing gaseous reactants in chemical-to-electrical energy conversion require electrodes that simultaneously are highly conductive at the same time permeable to gases and solvents, so-called gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). The optimization of the transport of electronic charges, solvated and gaseous reactants and products must be balanced to the kinetics occurring at a triple phase boundary (TPB), which is the key concept of the GDE operation and fuel cell performance. Today, carbon fiber-based materials are commonly explored as GDEs owing to their high electrical conductivity, porosity, and operational stability. However, manufacturing of these typically requires temperatures of ≈2000 °C, thus being a process that consumes major amounts of energy. Moreover, the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the GDE cathode necessitate the use of platinum group metals (PGM) as the ORR catalyst, [6] which further drives cost. Efficient electrocatalysis is today achieved in laboratory scale using PGM-free electrodes, thus opening up forThe mass implementation of renewable energy sources is limited by the lack of energy storage solutions operating on various timescales. Electrochemical technologies such as supercapacitors and batteries cannot handle long storage time because of self-discharge issues. The combination of fuel storage technology and fuel cells is an attractive solution for long storage times. In that context, large-scale fuel cell solutions are required for massive energy storage in cities, which leads to possible concepts such as low-cost disposable fully organic membrane assemblies in fuel cells ...

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Oxygen-induced doping on reduced PEDOT

Abstract: Doping of the reduced (undoped) PEDOT by oxygen during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).

Cited by 110 publications

References 31 publications

Improving the Performance of Paper Supercapacitors Using Redox Molecules from Plants

Improving the Performance of Paper Supercapacitors Using Redox Molecules from Plants

Carbon‐Free Cathode Materials for Li−O₂ Batteries

PEDOT‐Cellulose Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Disposable Fuel Cells

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Oxygen-induced doping on reduced PEDOT

Abstract: Doping of the reduced (undoped) PEDOT by oxygen during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).

Cited by 110 publications

References 31 publications

Improving the Performance of Paper Supercapacitors Using Redox Molecules from Plants

Improving the Performance of Paper Supercapacitors Using Redox Molecules from Plants

Carbon‐Free Cathode Materials for Li−O2 Batteries

PEDOT‐Cellulose Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Disposable Fuel Cells

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Carbon‐Free Cathode Materials for Li−O₂ Batteries