Ovine Model of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation

Kim, Dae–Hee; Morris, Brittan; Guerrero, Jorge; Sullivan, Suzanne; Hung, Judy; Levine, Robert A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8597-5_23

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This requires prior validation and establishing the reference intervals of echocardiographic measurements in certain animal species. It is worthy to state that the cardiologist considers goats as an attractive model for experimental human CVD research particularly in certain studies that require fully conscious or exercising animals, flow dynamic research, and atrial fibrillation [3][4][5][6]. Besides, goats are advantageous to other animals because of the easy approach and management, and a relatively reasonable heart and body size comparable to those in humans [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Cardiac Functions Using Full Conventional Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging before and after Xylazine Sedation in Male Shiba Goats

Mandour

Samir

Yoshida

et al. 2020

Animals

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The present study aimed to provide a complete conventional echocardiographic protocol in adult male Shiba goats by using two-dimensional, M-mode, Pulsed Wave Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography, and to study concomitantly xylazine-induced alteration of cardiac functions in a highly sensitive species. For this purpose, 12 male Shiba goats were included and complete conventional echocardiography from the standard right and left parasternal views was carried to report the echocardiographic data in male Shiba goats, and also before and after xylazine (Pre-Xyl and Post-Xyl) administration (0.05 mg/IM/kg). Results revealed that the full echocardiographic protocol was feasible in all goats through different cardiac windows and good Doppler alignment was achieved with non-significant variability for assessment of the left ventricular dimensions, trans-pulmonary, trans-aortic, and trans-mitral blood flow. The TDI, which was not reported previously in goats, was successfully assessed from the standard left apical view and showed distinct systolic and diastolic patterns. Xylazine administration was found to significantly reduce heart rate, fractional shortening, and cardiac output as well as the Doppler hemodynamic parameters of the pulmonary artery, aortic and mitral inflows (p < 0.05). For TDI, the Post-Xyl group revealed a significant decrease in the myocardial velocities of the septal and lateral wall of the left ventricle. The present study provides, for the first time, complete data of conventional echocardiography in male goats using the full protocol, which is routinely used in pet’s practice. Further, we illustrate in-depth the adverse effect of short-term sedative, xylazine, as used under field conditions and emphasize a simultaneous reduction in both systolic and diastolic cardiac function in goats based on full echocardiography assessment of the heart.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Cardiac Functions Using Full Conventional Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging before and after Xylazine Sedation in Male Shiba Goats

Mandour

Samir

Yoshida

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…Under general anesthesia with isoflurane and oxygen, inferior MI was created by ligation of the second‐third obtuse marginal branches of the left circumflex coronary artery. 29 , 30 Animals were cared for, with pre‐MI and pre‐euthanasia blood sampling over 10±3 days and were euthanized following thoracotomy for final data collection and tissue harvest. This study conformed to National Institutes of Health animal care guidelines and received institutional Animal Care Committee approval.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wnt Site Signaling Inhibitor Secreted Frizzled‐Related Protein 3 Protects Mitral Valve Endothelium From Myocardial Infarction–Induced Endothelial‐to‐Mesenchymal Transition

Alvandi

Nagata

Passos

et al. 2022

JAHA

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Background The onset and mechanisms of endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in mitral valve (MV) leaflets following myocardial infarction (MI) are unknown, yet these events are closely linked to stiffening of leaflets and development of ischemic mitral regurgitation. We investigated whether circulating molecules present in plasma within days after MI incite EndMT in MV leaflets. Methods and Results We examined the onset of EndMT in MV leaflets from 9 sheep with inferior MI, 8 with sham surgery, and 6 naïve controls. Ovine MVs 8 to 10 days after inferior MI displayed EndMT, shown by increased vascular endothelial cadherin/α‐smooth muscle actin–positive cells. The effect of plasma on EndMT in MV endothelial cells (VECs) was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, migration assays, and immunofluorescence. In vitro, post‐MI plasma induced EndMT marker expression and enhanced migration of mitral VECs; sham plasma did not. Analysis of sham versus post‐MI plasma revealed a significant drop in the Wnt signaling antagonist sFRP3 (secreted frizzled‐related protein 3) in post‐MI plasma. Addition of recombinant sFRP3 to post‐MI plasma reversed its EndMT‐inducing effect on mitral VECs. RNA‐sequencing analysis of mitral VECs exposed to post‐MI plasma showed upregulated FOXM1 (forkhead box M1). Blocking FOXM1 reduced EndMT transcripts in mitral VECs treated with post‐MI plasma. Finally, FOXM1 induced by post‐MI plasma was downregulated by sFRP3. Conclusions Reduced sFRP3 in post‐MI plasma facilitates EndMT in mitral VECs by increasing the transcription factor FOXM1. Restoring sFRP3 levels or inhibiting FOXM1 soon after MI may provide a novel strategy to modulate EndMT in the MV to prevent ischemic mitral regurgitation and heart failure.

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“…Small ruminants, especially goats and sheep, serve as good experimental models for cardiovascular research purposes because of the average body size, easy management, and relative heart size to those of humans and companion animals [74,75]. In addition, they serve as a potential model to discuss the pathophysiological changes in large ruminants when complex experimental techniques cannot be performed in large animals under farm conditions [76,77].…”

Section: E Cmme-derived Ivpd and Ivpg In Sheep And Goatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Invasive Assessment of the Intraventricular Pressure Using Novel Color M-Mode Echocardiography in Animal Studies: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine

Mandour

Farag

Helal

et al. 2023

Animals

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The assessment of diastolic function has received great interest in order to comprehend its crucial role in the pathophysiology of heart failure and for the early identification of cardiac events. Silent changes in the intraventricular flow (IVF) dynamics occur before the deterioration of the cardiac wall, although they cannot be detected using conventional echocardiography. Collective information on left ventricular (LV) pressures throughout the cardiac cycle has great value when dealing with patients with altered hemodynamics. Accurate pressure measurement inside the ventricle can be obtained by invasive methods to determine the LV diastolic pressures, which reflect the myocardial relaxation and compliance. However, catheterization is only feasible in the laboratory setting and is not suitable for clinical use due to its disadvantages. In contrast, echocardiography is simple, safe, and accessible. Color M-mode echocardiography (CMME) is an advanced cardiac evaluation technique that can measure the intraventricular pressure differences (IVPDs) and intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPGs) based on the Doppler shift of the IVF. Recently, the assessment of IVPD and IVPG has gained growing interest in the cardiovascular literature in both animal and human studies as a non-invasive method for the early diagnosis of cardiac dysfunctions, especially diastolic ones. The usability of IVPD and IVPG has been reported in various surgically induced heart failure or pharmacologically altered cardiac functions in rats, dogs, cats, and goats. This report aims to give an overview of the current studies of CMME-derived IVPD and IVPG in animal studies and its feasibility for clinical application in veterinary practice and to provide the prospects of the technique’s ability to improve our understanding.

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Ovine Model of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation

Cited by 10 publications

References 48 publications

Assessment of the Cardiac Functions Using Full Conventional Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging before and after Xylazine Sedation in Male Shiba Goats

Assessment of the Cardiac Functions Using Full Conventional Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging before and after Xylazine Sedation in Male Shiba Goats

Wnt Site Signaling Inhibitor Secreted Frizzled‐Related Protein 3 Protects Mitral Valve Endothelium From Myocardial Infarction–Induced Endothelial‐to‐Mesenchymal Transition

Non-Invasive Assessment of the Intraventricular Pressure Using Novel Color M-Mode Echocardiography in Animal Studies: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine

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