Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical oceanography

Rabe, Benjamin; Heuzé, Céline; Regnery, Julia; Aksenov, Yevgeny; Allerholt, Jacob; Athanase, Marylou; Bai, Youcheng; Basque, Chris; Bauch, Dorothea; Baumann, Till; Chen, Dake; Cole, Sylvia T.; Craw, Lisa; Davies, Andrew; Damm, Ellen; Dethloff, Klaus; Divine, D.; Doglioni, Francesca; Ebert, Falk; Fang, Ying-Chih; Fer, Ilker; Fong, Allison A.; Gradinger, Rolf; Granskog, Mats A.; Graupner, Rainer; Haas, Christian; He, Hui; He, Yan; Hoppmann, Mario; Janout, Markus; Kadko, David; Kanzow, Torsten; Karam, Salar; Kawaguchi, Yusuke; Koenig, Zoé; Kong, Bin; Krishfield, Richard A.; Krumpen, Thomas; Kuhlmey, David; Kuznetsov, Ivan; Lan, Musheng; Laukert, Georgi; Lei, Ruibo; Li, Tao; Torres-Valdés, Sinhue; Lin, Lina; Lin, Long; Liu, Hailong; Liu, Na; Loose, Brice; Ma, Xiaobing; McKay, Rosalie D.; Mallet, Maria; Mallett, Robbie; Maslowski, Wieslaw; Mertens, Christian; Mohrholz, Volker; Muilwijk, Morven; Nicolaus, Marcel; O'Brien, Jeffrey K.; Perovich, Donald K.; Ren, Jian; Rex, Markus; Ribeiro, Natalia; Rinke, Annette; Schaffer, Janin; Schuffenhauer, Ingo; Schulz, Kirstin; Shupe, Matthew D.; Shaw, William J.; Sokolov, Vladimir; Sommerfeld, Anja; Spreen, Gunnar; Stanton, Timothy P.; Stephens, Mark; Su, Jie; Sukhikh, Natalia; Sundfjord, Arild; Thomisch, Karolin; Tippenhauer, Sandra; Toole, John M.; Vredenborg, Myriel; Walter, Maren; Wang, Hangzhou; Wang, Lei; Wang, Yuntao; Wendisch, Manfred; Zhao, Jinping; Zhou, Meng; Zhu, Jia‐Liang

doi:10.1525/elementa.2021.00062

Cited by 88 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…However, for a thin but finite surface layer, as considered here, F net represents a storage term and is related to changes in temperature. A full account of the heat budgets of the sea ice or upper ocean requires additional details such as the extinction profile of transmitted solar radiation and the equivalent energy balance at the ocean-ice interface, which are addressed by the ICE (Nicolaus et al, 2022) and OCEAN (Rabe et al, 2022) teams. The ATMOS team was largely responsible for radiative and turbulent heat fluxes, while also providing some perspectives on the conductive heat flux.…”

Section: Energy Budget Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moving toward summer, sea-level pressure was generally high. Persistent weak wind through most of July likely played a role in enabling the buildup of fresh melt water in the upper ocean (Rabe et al, 2022).…”

Section: Annual Cycle Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to that overview, more detailed overview papers aim to document the scientific drivers and field details for each of the primary MOSAiC science teams, including providing initial views into the data and preliminary results. These include the atmosphere (ATMOS, this paper), sea ice and snow (ICE; Nicolaus et al, 2022), ocean (OCEAN; Rabe et al, 2022), ecosystem (ECO; forthcoming), and biogeochemistry (BGC; forthcoming) teams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Atmosphere

et al. 2022

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With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric properties, processes, and interactions were made while drifting with the sea ice across the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the comprehensive program to document and characterize all aspects of the Arctic atmospheric system in unprecedented detail, using a variety of approaches, and across multiple scales. These measurements were coordinated with other observational teams to explore cross-cutting and coupled interactions with the Arctic Ocean, sea ice, and ecosystem through a variety of physical and biogeochemical processes. This overview outlines the breadth and complexity of the atmospheric research program, which was organized into 4 subgroups: atmospheric state, clouds and precipitation, gases and aerosols, and energy budgets. Atmospheric variability over the annual cycle revealed important influences from a persistent large-scale winter circulation pattern, leading to some storms with pressure and winds that were outside the interquartile range of past conditions suggested by long-term reanalysis. Similarly, the MOSAiC location was warmer and wetter in summer than the reanalysis climatology, in part due to its close proximity to the sea ice edge. The comprehensiveness of the observational program for characterizing and analyzing atmospheric phenomena is demonstrated via a winter case study examining air mass transitions and a summer case study examining vertical atmospheric evolution. Overall, the MOSAiC atmospheric program successfully met its objectives and was the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement program to date conducted over the Arctic sea ice. The obtained data will support a broad range of coupled-system scientific research and provide an important foundation for advancing multiscale modeling capabilities in the Arctic.

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Section: Energy Budget Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Annual Cycle Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Atmosphere

et al. 2022

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“…Besides the statistical analysis, digital image processing methods could be applied to the image data. Generally, there is a lot of potential for analysis and comparison, in particular, in the context of the broad spectrum of measurements during the MOSAiC expedition 37 – 39 . The variety of measurements taken during the expedition should motivate to compare findings among different variables to gain an improved understanding of connected processes between ocean, ice, air as well as biochemical components of the Arctic.…”

Section: Usage Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea ice surface temperatures from helicopter-borne thermal infrared imaging during the MOSAiC expedition

et al. 2022

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The sea ice surface temperature is important to understand the Arctic winter heat budget. We conducted 35 helicopter flights with an infrared camera in winter 2019/2020 during the Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition. The flights were performed from a local, 5 to 10 km scale up to a regional, 20 to 40 km scale. The infrared camera recorded thermal infrared brightness temperatures, which we converted to surface temperatures. More than 150000 images from all flights can be investigated individually. As an advanced data product, we created surface temperature maps for every flight with a 1 m resolution. We corrected image gradients, applied an ice drift correction, georeferenced all pixels, and corrected the surface temperature by its natural temporal drift, which results in time-fixed surface temperature maps for a consistent analysis of one flight. The temporal and spatial variability of sea ice characteristics is an important contribution to an increased understanding of the Arctic heat budget and, in particular, for the validation of satellite products.

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“…In 2019-2020, the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition was implemented, during which comprehensive, yearround observations of the Arctic sea ice and its interactions with the atmosphere and ocean were obtained Rabe et al, 2022;. The MOSAiC ice camp drifted from the marginal ice zone (MIZ) in the eastern Amundsen Basin in early October 2019 to Fram Strait by early August 2020.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality and timing of sea ice mass balance and heat fluxes in the Arctic transpolar drift during 2019–2020

Lei

Cheng

Hoppmann

et al. 2022

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Sea ice growth and decay are critical processes in the Arctic climate system, but comprehensive observations are very sparse. We analyzed data from 23 sea ice mass balance buoys (IMBs) deployed during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition in 2019–2020 to investigate the seasonality and timing of sea ice thermodynamic mass balance in the Arctic Transpolar Drift. The data reveal four stages of the ice season: (I) onset of ice basal freezing, mid-October to November; (II) rapid ice growth, December–March; (III) slow ice growth, April–May; and (IV) melting, June onward. Ice basal growth ranged from 0.64 to 1.38 m at a rate of 0.004–0.006 m d–1, depending mainly on initial ice thickness. Compared to a buoy deployed close to the MOSAiC setup site in September 2012, total ice growth was about twice as high, due to the relatively thin initial ice thickness at the MOSAiC sites. Ice growth from the top, caused by surface flooding and subsequent snow-ice formation, was observed at two sites and likely linked to dynamic processes. Snow reached a maximum depth of 0.25 ± 0.08 m by May 2, 2020, and had melted completely by June 25, 2020. The relatively early onset of ice basal melt on June 7 (±10 d), 2019, can be partly attributed to the unusually rapid advection of the MOSAiC floes towards Fram Strait. The oceanic heat flux, calculated based on the heat balance at the ice bottom, was 2.8 ± 1.1 W m–2 in December–April, and increased gradually from May onward, reaching 10.0 ± 2.6 W m–2 by mid-June 2020. Subsequently, under-ice melt ponds formed at most sites in connection with increasing ice permeability. Our analysis provides crucial information on the Arctic sea ice mass balance for future studies related to MOSAiC and beyond.

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Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical oceanography

Cited by 88 publications

References 146 publications

Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Atmosphere

Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Atmosphere

Sea ice surface temperatures from helicopter-borne thermal infrared imaging during the MOSAiC expedition

Seasonality and timing of sea ice mass balance and heat fluxes in the Arctic transpolar drift during 2019–2020

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