Overtraining: Consequences and prevention

Er, Eichner

doi:10.1080/02640419508732276

Cited by 37 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…It seems likely that the minority of severely damaged muscle ®bres following eccentric exercise is not sucient to provoke an in¯ammatory response capable of inducing profound alterations in zinc and glutamine metabolism that can be detected at the plasma level. Muscle soreness is a common symptom among overtrained athletes (Eichner 1995), who have been reported to exhibit low concentrations of plasma glutamine Rowbottom et al 1996). From results of the present study we tentatively suggest that eccentric-exercise-induced muscle damage is not likely to be a cause of the low plasma glutamine concentrations observed in overtrained individuals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Skeletal muscle is the major source of glutamine production in the body. One of the most common symptoms reported in overtrained athletes is muscle soreness (Eichner 1995), and we hypothesized that muscle damage may be responsible for falls in the plasma glutamine concentration. Theoretically, this could arise via decreased synthesis/release of glutamine from damaged skeletal muscle and/or increased glutamine uptake from the blood by other tissues involved in the associated in¯ammatory acute phase response to injury including activated leucocytes and the liver.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of severe eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on plasma elastase, glutamine and zinc concentrations

Gleeson

Walsh

Blannin

et al. 1998

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The aim of this study was to determine if severe exercise-induced muscle damage alters the plasma concentrations of glutamine and zinc. Changes in plasma concentrations of glutamine, zinc and polymorphonuclear elastase (an index of phagocytic cell activation) were examined for up to 10 days following eccentric exercise of the knee extensors of one leg in eight untrained subjects. The exercise bout consisted of 20 repetitions of electrically stimulated eccentric muscle actions on an isokinetic dynamometer. Subjects experienced severe muscle soreness and large increases in plasma creatine kinase activity indicative of muscle fibre damage. Peak soreness occurred at 2 days post-exercise and peak creatine kinase activity [21714 (6416) U x l(-1) mean (SEM)] occurred at 3 days post-exercise (P < 0.01 compared with pre-exercise). Plasma elastase concentration was increased at 3 days post-exercise compared with pre-exercise (P < 0.05), and is presumably indicative of ongoing phagocytic leucocyte infiltration and activation in the damaged muscles. There were no significant changes in plasma zinc and glutamine concentrations in the days following eccentric exercise. We conclude that exercise-induced muscle damage does not produce changes in plasma glutamine or zinc concentrations despite evidence of phagocytic neutrophil activation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of severe eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on plasma elastase, glutamine and zinc concentrations

Gleeson

Walsh

Blannin

et al. 1998

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Other explanations for the increased risk of injury could include: involvement in a higher level of competition; vying for a place in the squad; different coaching methods; differing ground conditions throughout the season; and the enhancement of skills and performance as the season progresses. This level of commitment does not allow players to recover sufficiently between maximal efforts (which may lead to fatigue or injury) nor does it allow sufficient time for micro traumas to repair between sessions [18][19][20].…”

Section: Comparisons Of the Findings From This Study With Other Reseamentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of injury in elite junior Rugby Union: a prospective descriptive study

McManus¹,

Cross²

2004

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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The high incidence of injury in Rugby Union is well documented, particularly at elite levels of competition. This article describes the incidence and nature of all injuries sustained by elite Western Australian junior Rugby Union players during the 26 weeks up to and including the 1997 National Championship campaign. Informed consent was gained for each participant (n = 44) prior to completion of an extensive baseline questionnaire. Exposure and injury data were collected at each training session and game. The injury incidence rate over the 26 week period was 13.26/1000 player hours. Injury data were analysed by phase of play, position, severity and if occurred at games or training. The incidence of injury was significantly associated with the position played (chi2 = 67.49, p value = 0.008) and the phase of play in which the injury occurred (chi2 = 8.07, p value = 0.042). Tackling was the most dangerous phase of play (52% of injuries) and the most common site of injury was the lower limb (37%). Most injuries occurred during games (56%) and the flanker was the position most at risk of injury (12%). Further research is needed to identify the aetiology of injury at all levels of competition and to use these findings to develop effective injury prevention strategies in this sport. Position-specific risk factors should also be investigated, as should the mechanism of injury associated with tackling which is the phase of play in which significantly more injuries occur in rugby.

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“…contribute to sport injuries (14). Adequate intake in calories and nutrients also may prevent hormonal disturbances, such as oligomenorrhea, delayed menarche, and amenorrhea (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Macro- and Micro-nutrient Intake of Adolescent Greek Female Volleyball Players

Papadopoulou¹,

Papadopoulou²,

Gallos³

2002

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Adequate nutrition is critically important for the achievement of the adolescent athlete's optimal performance. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the adequacy of macro-and micro-nutrients in the adolescent Greek female volleyball players' diet. The subjects of the study consisted of 16 players who were members of the Junior National Team (NP) and 49 players who participated in the Junior National Championship (CP). Dietary intake was assessed using a 3-day food record. Protein intake (16.0 ± 4.9% of total energy intake) was satisfactory, whereas fat consumption (37.5 ± 11.1%) was above recommended values and at the expense of carbohydrate intake (45.9 ± 12.5%). There were no significant differences between NP and CP concerning the intake of macronutrients, except for the fat intake (when this is expressed in grams per day and grams per kilogram of body weight and the saturated fat intake, which were both higher in NP compared to CP players (p < .05). The mean energy intake was 2013 ± 971 and 1529 ± 675 kcal for NP and CP, respectively (p < .05). NP, in particular, consumed fat and especially saturated fat in order to meet their energy needs. As for micronutrients, the volleyball players fell short of meeting the RDA values for calcium, iron, folic acid, magnesium, zinc, and vitamins A, B 1 , B 2 , and B 6 . There was no difference between NP and CP in micronutrient intake. In conclusion, subjects in the current study lacked proper nutrition in terms of quantity and quality.Key Words: nutrition, elite athletes, energy, team sports Adolescent athletes have increased energy needs because of physical activity and physical development. This is especially true for elite adolescent athletes, who exercise strenuously in order to maximize their performance. These athletes should consume high density food for both nutrients and kilocalories (32). Proper nutrition is essential for optimizing athletic performance (9). A general recommendation for all athletes is to consume 60-70% of total energy intake from carbohydrates (CHO), 12-15% from proteins, and 25-30% from fats (20).Generally, young athletes may be inclined to stress fracture (7). Proper nutrition can play a valuable role in avoiding such injuries, as inappropriate nutrition may

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Overtraining: Consequences and prevention

Cited by 37 publications

References 94 publications

The effect of severe eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on plasma elastase, glutamine and zinc concentrations

The effect of severe eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on plasma elastase, glutamine and zinc concentrations

Incidence of injury in elite junior Rugby Union: a prospective descriptive study

Macro- and Micro-nutrient Intake of Adolescent Greek Female Volleyball Players

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