Output growth thresholds for the creation of employment and the reduction of unemployment: A spatial analysis with panel data from the Spanish provinces, 2000–2011

Okun’s law in an emerging country: An empirical analysis in Indonesia

“…Thus, it can be indicated that there is an uncertain relationship between the rate of unemployment and output in various countries. For example, the economic growth had a negative and significant effect on the unemployment rate (Abdul-Khaliq et al, 2014;Alamro & Al-dala'ien, 2016;Bande & Martın-RoMan, 2017;Blázquez-Fernández et al, 2018;Darman, 2013;Dritsaki & Dritsakis, 2014;Jibir et al, 2015;Kargi, 2016;Kori Yahia, 2018;Noor et al, 2007;Pierdzioch et al, 2011;Ruxandra, 2015;Soylu et al, 2018;Tatoglu, 2011;Zanin & Marra, 2012), the Okun's coefficient was not significant (Apergis & Rezitis, 2003;Arewa & Nwakanma, 2012;Astuti, 2016;Yaumidin, 2009), there were positive coefficients in the regression and it implied that the Okun's legal interpretation did not apply (Bankole & Fatai, 2013), there was no causality between economic growth and unemployment rate (Adeyeye et al, 2017), there was a two-way causality between unemployment and output growth (Boďa & Považanová, 2015;Noor et al, 2007), and the Okun's coefficient was different for each country (Azorín & de la Vega, 2017;Bande & Martın-RoMan, 2017;Dixon et al, 2016;Hutengs & Stadtmann, 2013;Moosa, 1997;Rahman & Mustafa, 2017;Silvapulle et al, 2004). Based on these findings, the following hypotheses was suggested:…”