Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Peninsular Malaysia from 2001 to 2007

Ramanoon, Siti Zubaidah; Robertson, Ian D.; Edwards, John; Hassan, Latiffah; Isa, Kamaruddin Md

doi:10.1007/s11250-012-0226-x

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…It is well known that animal and vehicle movements are risk factors that are associated with endemic transmissions [11,28]. As evidenced by various previous studies, the movement of cattle was significantly associated with FMD outbreaks [10,29,30]. Similarly, we found that purchasing a new cow on a farm without observing a quarantine protocol increased the risk of an FMD outbreak by 2.41 times.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…For instance, questionnaire-based case-control studies have been widely used to gather information on the risk factors associated with FMD spread in certain countries. The established risk factors include livestock transportation methods [10], the sharing of grazing areas [11], the proximity of the farm to the main road [12] and the mixing of animals within public pastures [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Risk Factors Associated with Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Dairy Farms in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand

Sansamur

Arjkumpa

Charoenpanyanet

et al. 2020

Animals

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Simple Summary: One hundred and 40 dairy farms that experienced foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks and 307 farms without FMD outbreaks were investigated in this research study. Relevant farm owners were interviewed in order to determine the farm-level risk factors associated with the FMD outbreaks. We established that the risk factors for FMD outbreaks were (1) purchasing a new cow without following quarantine protocol, (2) FMD vaccination administration by non-official livestock personnel, (3) farms located within a 5 km radius of cattle abattoirs, (4) farms located near shared cattle grazing areas in a 10 km radius and (5) no history of FMD outbreaks in the previous year. Most of the risk factors were related to indirect transmissions of FMD and biosecurity practices, thus we have advised dairy farmers to strengthen management practices associated with FMD prevention protocols.Abstract: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is considered a highly contagious transboundary disease of cloven-hoofed animals. FMD has become endemic to northern Thailand over the past decade. In 2016, FMD outbreaks were recorded in three districts in Chiang Mai Province. The objective of this study was to determine the farm-level risk factors associated with FMD outbreaks. This study was conducted via a face-to-face interview questionnaire survey at 140 FMD outbreak farms and 307 control farms. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between potential risk factors and FMD outbreaks. The final logistic regression model identified factors associated with FMD outbreaks including the purchasing of a new cow without following quarantine protocol (odds ratio = 2.41, 95%CI = 1.45, 4.05), farms located near shared cattle grazing areas in a 10 km radius (OR = 1.83, 95%CI =1.11, 3.02), FMD vaccination administration by non-official livestock personnel (OR = 2.52, 95%CI = 1.39, 4.58), farms located in a 5 km radius of cattle abattoirs (OR = 1.83, 95%CI = 0.99, 3.40) and no history of FMD outbreaks over the previous 12 months in districts where farms were located (OR = 0.44, 95%CI = 0.22, 0.86). The risk factors identified in this study were related to farm biosecurity, FMD vaccination administration and distance from the farms to risk areas. Therefore, it was important to strengthen on-farm biosecurity and to improve farm management practices in order to reduce incidences of FMD at the farm level. Education or training programs for dairy farmers that would enhance knowledge and practices in relation to the assessed topics are needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Risk Factors Associated with Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Dairy Farms in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand

Sansamur

Arjkumpa

Charoenpanyanet

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…Furthermore, in certain areas of the world small ruminant represent the main FMD-susceptible livestock and can play an important role for spreading the infection during outbreaks. 8 – 10 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

System immunology-based identification of blood transcriptional modules correlating to antibody responses in sheep

et al. 2018

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Inactivated vaccines lack immunogenicity and therefore require potent adjuvants. To understand the in vivo effects of adjuvants, we used a system immunology-based analysis of ovine blood transcriptional modules (BTMs) to dissect innate immune responses relating to either antibody or haptoglobin levels. Using inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus as an antigen, we compared non-adjuvanted to liposomal-formulated vaccines complemented or not with TLR4 and TLR7 ligands. Early after vaccination, BTM relating to myeloid cells, innate immune responses, dendritic cells, and antigen presentation correlated positively, whereas BTM relating to T and natural killer cells, as well as cell cycle correlated negatively with antibody responses. Interestingly, similar BTM also correlated with haptoglobin, but in a reversed manner, indicating that acute systemic inflammation is not beneficial for early antibody responses. Analysis of vaccine-dependent BTM modulation showed that liposomal formulations induced similar responses to those correlating to antibody levels. Surprisingly, the addition of the TLR ligands appeared to reduce early immunological perturbations and mediated anti-inflammatory effects, despite promoting antibody responses. When pre-vaccination BTM were analyzed, we found that high vaccine responders expressed higher levels of many BTM relating to cell cycle, antigen-presenting cells, and innate responses as compared with low responders. In conclusion, we have transferred human BTM to sheep and identified early vaccine-induced responses associated with antibody levels or unwanted inflammation in a heterogeneous and small group of animals. Such readouts are applicable to other veterinary species and very useful to identify efficient vaccine adjuvants, their mechanism of action, and factors related to low responders.

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“…However, the 2010/2011 epidemic was first confirmed in a local small and medium city in GyeongBuk Province and resulted in the largest number of infected animals recorded since the first detection of FMD cases in 1911 (QIA, 2011). In contrast to FMD epidemics in other countries in which movement of the infected animals largely contributed to the spread of the disease (Rweyemamu et al, 2008;Ramanoon et al, 2013), human behaviours were major factors in the spread of the FMD virus in the Korean epidemics of 2010/2011 and 2002 (Wee et al, 2008). Korea was prompted to revise their contingency plan by tailoring it to its unique livestock environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Serotype O Epidemic of November 2010 to April 2011 in the Republic Of Korea

Yoon

Kim

et al. 2013

Transbound Emerg Dis

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The largest epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Korea since the first record in 1911 occurred between November 2010 and April 2011. The outbreak was confirmed in 153 farms, and more than three million animals were destroyed. This study presents the temporal and spatial distribution patterns, epidemiological investigation and the control measures for the 2010/2011 epidemic in Korea. The index case of this 2010/2011 FMD epidemic was reported in a pig-farming complex with five piggeries in Andong, GyeongBuk Province, on 28 November 2010, and the outbreak lasted 145 days. The largest number of new detection of the infected farms per day was recorded in mid-January. Epidemiological investigation revealed that the FMD virus had spread from farm to farm through routine movements associated with animal husbandry operations. In contrast to FMD epidemics in other countries in which movement of the infected animals largely contributed to the spread of the disease, human behaviours were major factors in the spread of the FMD virus in the Korean epidemic. The 2010/2011 epidemic was first confirmed in a local small and medium city where share of smallholder producers is higher than that of other provinces. Although Korea had a well-developed emergent response system with the experience of controlling infection and re-obtaining FMD-free status after the previous epidemics, Korea was prompted to revise their contingency plan by tailoring it to its unique livestock environment. Practical contingency plans tailored to Korea for control of FMD can be fully effective when farmers, livestock-related agencies, veterinary service providers and the general public work together.

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Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Peninsular Malaysia from 2001 to 2007

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

Determination of Risk Factors Associated with Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Dairy Farms in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand

Determination of Risk Factors Associated with Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Dairy Farms in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand

System immunology-based identification of blood transcriptional modules correlating to antibody responses in sheep

Epidemiology of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Serotype O Epidemic of November 2010 to April 2011 in the Republic Of Korea

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