Osteoporosis Prevention, Screening, and Treatment: A Review

Abstract

Osteoporosis, defined as low bone mass leading to increased fracture risk, is a major health problem that affects approximately 10 million Americans. The aging U.S. population is predicted to contribute to as much as a 50% increase in prevalence by 2025. Although common, osteoporosis can be clinically silent, and without prevention and screening, the costs of osteoporotic fracture-related morbidity and mortality will burden the U.S. healthcare system. This is a particularly relevant concern in the context of diminishing health care resources. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is the most widely used, validated technique for measuring bone mineral density (BMD) and diagnosing osteoporosis. Cost-effectiveness analyses support early detection and treatment of high-risk patients with antiresorptive medications such as bisphosphonates. Moreover, optimization of bone health throughout life can help prevent osteoporosis. Current guidelines recommend screening women by age 65 years, but because no guidelines for screening intervals exist, decisions are made on the basis of clinical judgment alone. Although the recent literature provides some guidance, this review further explores current recommendations in light of newer evidence to provide more clarity on prevention, screening, and management strategies for patients with osteoporosis in the primary care setting.

Measurement of Bone Mineral Density from Different Race of Elderly Population in Mianyang, China

“…BMD is an important indicator of bone quality, and it is used as a clinical index for the diagnosis of osteopenia and osteoporosis [18].…”

“…BMD of the lumbar spine 1-4 (L1-L4), left femoral neck (FN) and Ward's Triangle were detected using dual energy X-ray bone density detector (American General Co.) according to the manufacturer's instructions and the previous studies [3][4][5][6]17].…”

Estimation of bone fracture risk using FRAX model in some regions of Russian Federation

“…At the same time, the number of hip fractures (HF) and major osteoporotic fractures (MF) will increase by 42% and 23.7% respectively [2,3]. Due to the above-listed facts not only the early diagnostics and timely therapeutic intervention, but also the prediction of low-energy fractures risk is gaining in importance [4].…”

Peak Jump Power Reflects the Degree of Ambulatory Ability in Patients with Mitochondrial and Other Rare Diseases

“…In patients with inborn errors of metabolism, ambulation can be impaired from a combination of factors involving the nervous system, skeletal muscle, bones, and joints (Kling et al 2014;Mathiowetz et al 1985). The most commonly reported measure in ambulatory subjects in the literature is the six-minute walk test (6MWT).…”