Osmotic constituents of some echinoderm muscles

Osmolality and ions of the perivisceral coelomic fluid of the intertidal sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) upon salinity and ionic challenges

“…The subtle, however significant signal of Mg 2+ and K + gradients (6-8%) maintained by E. lucunter may be related to the physiological relevance of both cations, and are well supported by the literature, that has quite often highlighted the maintenance of even much steeper gradients for these two cations, and also for Ca 2+ (STICKLE & AHOKAS 1974, STICKLE & DENOUX 1976, SHUMWAY 1977, PAGETT 1980, ROBERTSON 1980, DIEHL 1986, STICKLE & DIEHL 1987, BISHOP et al 1994, VIDOLIN et al 2007. Besides its general widespread action as a cofactor for various enzymes, and in several other intracellular roles (SARIS et al 2000), Mg 2+ is a major constituent of the sea urchin test, as aragonite (MgCO 3 ) (MILES et al 2007).…”

Osmolality and ions of the perivisceral coelomic fluid of the intertidal sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) upon salinity and ionic challenges

“…The subtle, however significant signal of Mg 2+ and K + gradients (6-8%) maintained by E. lucunter may be related to the physiological relevance of both cations, and are well supported by the literature, that has quite often highlighted the maintenance of even much steeper gradients for these two cations, and also for Ca 2+ (STICKLE & AHOKAS 1974, STICKLE & DENOUX 1976, SHUMWAY 1977, PAGETT 1980, ROBERTSON 1980, DIEHL 1986, STICKLE & DIEHL 1987, BISHOP et al 1994, VIDOLIN et al 2007. Besides its general widespread action as a cofactor for various enzymes, and in several other intracellular roles (SARIS et al 2000), Mg 2+ is a major constituent of the sea urchin test, as aragonite (MgCO 3 ) (MILES et al 2007).…”

TWO CELL VOLUME REGULATORY SYSTEMS IN THELIMULUSMYOCARDIUM: AN INTERACTION OF IONS AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

“…Instead, the quaternary ammonium compound glycine betaine is the major nitrogenous osmotic solute in Limulus heart tissue. This compound is a common constituent in many invertebrates, but usually in small amounts (Robertson, 1961(Robertson, , 1965(Robertson, , 1980Beers, 1967). Glycine betaine occurs in substantial amounts in some molluscs (Mytilus, Bricteux-Gregoire el ai, 1964; Tapes, Norton and de Rome, 1980), in association with substantial amino acid pools.…”

“…The identity of this nitrogenous solute is unknown, but there are some obvious possibilities. In particular, quaternary ammonium compounds are common in in-vertebrate tissues (Welsh and Prock, 1958;Gasteiger et al, 1960;Beers, 1967;Robertson, 1980) and, where it has been tested, these compounds vary with salinity (Bricteux-Gregoire et al, 1962, 1964Dall, 1971;Norton and de Rome, 1980) but usually constitute only a minor part of the nitrogenous osmotic solute pool. Quaternary ammonium compounds are present in Limulus (Ackermann and List, 1958) and might account for at least part of the unidentified pool of osmotic solute in Limulus, although Levy (1967) was unable to demonstrate such a relationship.…”

Capacity for Cellular Osmoregulation Defines Critical Salinity of Marine Invertebrates at Low Salinity

“…We thus determined the maximal possible ECS value before measured osmolyte tissue concentrations became negative. We compared these values to the available literature data for the respective species (or taxon) and tissue type where possible (Martin et al, 1958;Simon et al, 1964;Robertson, 1980;Sabourin and Stickle, 1981;Jones and Kamel, 1984;Taylor and Andrews, 1988;Gainey, 1994). Generally, muscle tissues have a smaller ECS volume than mantle or gill tissues, and whole-body samples contain the largest ECS portion (Michaelidis et al, 2005;Taylor and Ragg, 2005).…”

Osmolality and ions of the perivisceral coelomic fluid of the intertidal sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) upon salinity and ionic challenges

“…The subtle, however significant signal of Mg 2+ and K + gradients (6-8%) maintained by E. lucunter may be related to the physiological relevance of both cations, and are well supported by the literature, that has quite often highlighted the maintenance of even much steeper gradients for these two cations, and also for Ca 2+ (STICKLE & AHOKAS 1974, STICKLE & DENOUX 1976, SHUMWAY 1977, PAGETT 1980, ROBERTSON 1980, DIEHL 1986, STICKLE & DIEHL 1987, BISHOP et al 1994, VIDOLIN et al 2007. Besides its general widespread action as a cofactor for various enzymes, and in several other intracellular roles (SARIS et al 2000), Mg 2+ is a major constituent of the sea urchin test, as aragonite (MgCO 3 ) (MILES et al 2007).…”

TWO CELL VOLUME REGULATORY SYSTEMS IN THELIMULUSMYOCARDIUM: AN INTERACTION OF IONS AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

“…Instead, the quaternary ammonium compound glycine betaine is the major nitrogenous osmotic solute in Limulus heart tissue. This compound is a common constituent in many invertebrates, but usually in small amounts (Robertson, 1961(Robertson, , 1965(Robertson, , 1980Beers, 1967). Glycine betaine occurs in substantial amounts in some molluscs (Mytilus, Bricteux-Gregoire el ai, 1964; Tapes, Norton and de Rome, 1980), in association with substantial amino acid pools.…”

“…The identity of this nitrogenous solute is unknown, but there are some obvious possibilities. In particular, quaternary ammonium compounds are common in in-vertebrate tissues (Welsh and Prock, 1958;Gasteiger et al, 1960;Beers, 1967;Robertson, 1980) and, where it has been tested, these compounds vary with salinity (Bricteux-Gregoire et al, 1962, 1964Dall, 1971;Norton and de Rome, 1980) but usually constitute only a minor part of the nitrogenous osmotic solute pool. Quaternary ammonium compounds are present in Limulus (Ackermann and List, 1958) and might account for at least part of the unidentified pool of osmotic solute in Limulus, although Levy (1967) was unable to demonstrate such a relationship.…”

Capacity for Cellular Osmoregulation Defines Critical Salinity of Marine Invertebrates at Low Salinity

“…We thus determined the maximal possible ECS value before measured osmolyte tissue concentrations became negative. We compared these values to the available literature data for the respective species (or taxon) and tissue type where possible (Martin et al, 1958;Simon et al, 1964;Robertson, 1980;Sabourin and Stickle, 1981;Jones and Kamel, 1984;Taylor and Andrews, 1988;Gainey, 1994). Generally, muscle tissues have a smaller ECS volume than mantle or gill tissues, and whole-body samples contain the largest ECS portion (Michaelidis et al, 2005;Taylor and Ragg, 2005).…”

Osmolality and ions of the perivisceral coelomic fluid of the intertidal sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) upon salinity and ionic challenges

“…The subtle, however significant signal of Mg 2+ and K + gradients (6-8%) maintained by E. lucunter may be related to the physiological relevance of both cations, and are well supported by the literature, that has quite often highlighted the maintenance of even much steeper gradients for these two cations, and also for Ca 2+ (STICKLE & AHOKAS 1974, STICKLE & DENOUX 1976, SHUMWAY 1977, PAGETT 1980, ROBERTSON 1980, DIEHL 1986, STICKLE & DIEHL 1987, BISHOP et al 1994, VIDOLIN et al 2007. Besides its general widespread action as a cofactor for various enzymes, and in several other intracellular roles (SARIS et al 2000), Mg 2+ is a major constituent of the sea urchin test, as aragonite (MgCO 3 ) (MILES et al 2007).…”

TWO CELL VOLUME REGULATORY SYSTEMS IN THELIMULUSMYOCARDIUM: AN INTERACTION OF IONS AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

“…Instead, the quaternary ammonium compound glycine betaine is the major nitrogenous osmotic solute in Limulus heart tissue. This compound is a common constituent in many invertebrates, but usually in small amounts (Robertson, 1961(Robertson, , 1965(Robertson, , 1980Beers, 1967). Glycine betaine occurs in substantial amounts in some molluscs (Mytilus, Bricteux-Gregoire el ai, 1964; Tapes, Norton and de Rome, 1980), in association with substantial amino acid pools.…”

“…The identity of this nitrogenous solute is unknown, but there are some obvious possibilities. In particular, quaternary ammonium compounds are common in in-vertebrate tissues (Welsh and Prock, 1958;Gasteiger et al, 1960;Beers, 1967;Robertson, 1980) and, where it has been tested, these compounds vary with salinity (Bricteux-Gregoire et al, 1962, 1964Dall, 1971;Norton and de Rome, 1980) but usually constitute only a minor part of the nitrogenous osmotic solute pool. Quaternary ammonium compounds are present in Limulus (Ackermann and List, 1958) and might account for at least part of the unidentified pool of osmotic solute in Limulus, although Levy (1967) was unable to demonstrate such a relationship.…”

Capacity for Cellular Osmoregulation Defines Critical Salinity of Marine Invertebrates at Low Salinity

“…We thus determined the maximal possible ECS value before measured osmolyte tissue concentrations became negative. We compared these values to the available literature data for the respective species (or taxon) and tissue type where possible (Martin et al, 1958;Simon et al, 1964;Robertson, 1980;Sabourin and Stickle, 1981;Jones and Kamel, 1984;Taylor and Andrews, 1988;Gainey, 1994). Generally, muscle tissues have a smaller ECS volume than mantle or gill tissues, and whole-body samples contain the largest ECS portion (Michaelidis et al, 2005;Taylor and Ragg, 2005).…”