Origin and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Present in the Spider Venom of Ornithoctonus hainana

Xun, Chengfeng; Wang, Lu; Yang, Hailin; Xiao, Zixuan; Deng, Min; Xu, Rongfang; Zhou, Xi; Chen, Ping; Z, Liu

doi:10.3390/toxins13080579

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…[74][75][76] EVs have also been closely connected with HA-based turnover, adhesion, and signaling; for example, EVs found within spider venom display hyaluronidases, which are capable of digesting HA in solution. 77 Moreover, some EVs have been shown to be coated with HA, EV secretion increases in HAS3-overexpressing cells, and EVs are enriched in cholesterol (which can bind to and/or modify HA). 67 Consistent with these observations, our RNAseq data shows enrichment of HAS3 and cholesterol biosynthesis-relevant transcripts in H80.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscoelastic high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid hydrogels support rapid glioblastoma cell invasion with leader-follower dynamics

Carvalho,

Ding,

Saha

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Hyaluronic acid (HA), the primary component of brain extracellular matrix, is increasingly used to model neuropathological processes, including glioblastoma (GBM) tumor invasion. While elastic hydrogels based on crosslinked low-molecular-weight (LMW) HA are widely exploited for this purpose and have proven valuable for discovery and screening, brain tissue is both viscoelastic and rich in high-MW (HMW) HA, and it remains unclear how these differences influence invasion. To address this question, hydrogels comprised of either HMW (1.5 MDa) or LMW (60 kDa) HA are introduced, characterized, and applied in GBM invasion studies. Unlike LMW HA hydrogels, HMW HA hydrogels relax stresses quickly, to a similar extent as brain tissue, and to a greater extent than many conventional HA-based scaffolds. GBM cells implanted within HMW HA hydrogels invade much more rapidly than in their LMW HA counterparts and exhibit distinct leader-follower dynamics. Leader cells adopt dendritic morphologies, similar to invasive GBM cells observed in vivo. Transcriptomic, pharmacologic, and imaging studies suggest that leader cells exploit hyaluronidase, an enzyme strongly enriched in human GBMs, to prime a path for followers. This study offers new insight into how HA viscoelastic properties drive invasion and argues for the use of highly stress-relaxing materials to model GBM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscoelastic high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid hydrogels support rapid glioblastoma cell invasion with leader-follower dynamics

Carvalho,

Ding,

Saha

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…In addition, using fluorescence microscopy, we observed a change in the actin filament distribution, mainly in macrophages. Similarly, HUVEC cells treated with spider venom EVs also exhibited actin disorganization [50]. Whether these alterations contribute to the development of envenoming clinical effects is still an open question.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are crucial for homeostasis and pathological conditions (e.g., immune system communication and cancer metastasis). They are also involved in cross-organism communication through inter-species interactions by feeding [43,44], infection [39,[45][46][47], and envenoming, as reported for wasp and spider venoms [48][49][50].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Extracellular Vesicles from Bothrops jararaca Venom Are Diverse in Structure and Protein Composition and Interact with Mammalian Cells

Machado

Verçoza

Nogueira

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Snake venoms are complex cocktails of non-toxic and toxic molecules that work synergistically for the envenoming outcome. Alongside the immediate consequences, chronic manifestations and long-term sequelae can occur. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were found in snake venom. EVs mediate cellular communication through long distances, delivering proteins and nucleic acids that modulate the recipient cell’s function. However, the biological roles of snake venom EVs, including possible cross-organism communication, are still unknown. This knowledge may expand the understanding of envenoming mechanisms. In the present study, we isolated and characterized the EVs from Bothrops jararaca venom (Bj-EVs), giving insights into their biological roles. Fresh venom was submitted to differential centrifugation, resulting in two EV populations with typical morphology and size range. Several conserved EV markers and a subset of venom related EV markers, represented mainly by processing enzymes, were identified by proteomic analysis. The most abundant protein family observed in Bj-EVs was 5’-nucleotidase, known to be immunosuppressive and a low abundant and ubiquitous toxin in snake venoms. Additionally, we demonstrated that mammalian cells efficiently internalize Bj-EVs. The commercial antibothropic antivenom partially recognizes Bj-EVs and inhibits cellular EV uptake. Based on the proteomic results and the in vitro interaction assays using macrophages and muscle cells, we propose that Bj-EVs may be involved not only in venom production and processing but also in host immune modulation and long-term effects of envenoming.

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“…EVs isolated from the venom of the Chinese bird spider Ornithoctonus hainana ranged from 50 to 150 nm and expressed the EV marker Tsp29Fb ( Xun et al, 2021 ). Proteomics identified 150 proteins related to vesicle transport, virulence factors, neurotoxins, and enzymes such as hyaluronidase.…”

Section: Arthropodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bridging the extracellular vesicle knowledge gap: insights from non-mammalian vertebrates, invertebrates, and early-diverging metazoans

Liegertová,

Janoušková

2023

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-enclosed structures that facilitate intercellular communication by transferring cargo between cells. Although predominantly studied in mammals, extracellular vesicles are ubiquitous across metazoans, and thus research in non-mammalian models is critical for fully elucidating extracellular vesicles biology. Recent advances demonstrate that extracellular vesicles mediate diverse physiological processes in non-mammalian vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Piscine extracellular vesicles promote fin regeneration in zebrafish and carry heat shock proteins regulated by stress. Frog extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs modulate angiogenesis, while turtle extracellular vesicles coordinate reproductive functions. Venom from snakes contains extracellular vesicles that mirror the whole venom composition and interact with mammalian cells. Invertebrates also possess extracellular vesicles involved in immunity, development, and pathogenesis. Molluscan extracellular vesicles participate in shell formation and host interactions. Arthropod models, including Drosophila, genetically dissect conserved pathways controlling extracellular vesicles biogenesis and signalling. Nematode extracellular vesicles regulate larval development, animal communication, and ageing via conserved extracellular vesicles proteins. Ancient metazoan lineages utilise extracellular vesicles as well, with cnidarian extracellular vesicles regulating immunity and regeneration. Ultimately, expanding extracellular vesicles research beyond typical biomedical models to encompass phylogenetic diversity provides an unparalleled perspective on the conserved versus specialised aspects of metazoan extracellular vesicles roles over ∼500 million years. With a primary focus on the literature from the past 5 years, this review aims to reveal fundamental insights into EV-mediated intercellular communication mechanisms shaping animal physiology.

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Origin and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Present in the Spider Venom of Ornithoctonus hainana

Cited by 5 publications

References 58 publications

Viscoelastic high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid hydrogels support rapid glioblastoma cell invasion with leader-follower dynamics

Viscoelastic high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid hydrogels support rapid glioblastoma cell invasion with leader-follower dynamics

Extracellular Vesicles from Bothrops jararaca Venom Are Diverse in Structure and Protein Composition and Interact with Mammalian Cells

Bridging the extracellular vesicle knowledge gap: insights from non-mammalian vertebrates, invertebrates, and early-diverging metazoans

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