“…In no small measure, this impetus has been generated by the terrorist attacks on the United States on 11 September and the subsequent wars and insurgencies in Afghanistan, Iraq and more recently in Syria. These events have led to the emergence of homeland security as a major branch of government (Waugh and Sylves, 2002;Wise, 2002;Wise and Nader, 2002) and, within that setting, risk analysis as a process has been called upon by government agencies to deal with the increasing threats associated with hostile actors (Haimes and Longstaff, 2002;Bier, 2007;Keeney and von Winterfeldt, 2010). This has generated methodological questions for risk analysis, especially in terms of dealing with the intentions of hostile actors (Gleason, 1988;Ezell et al, 2010;Brown and Cox, 2011a, b) and it has also highlighted the need for a holisitic approach to dealing with such threats.…”