Organic smart pixels

Dodabalapur, A.; Bao, Zhenan; Makhija, A.; Laquindanum, Joyce G.; Raju, V. Ramachandra; Feng, Yi; Katz, Howard E.; Rogers, John A.

doi:10.1063/1.121736

Cited by 335 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Such behavior would be consistent with previous results and has typically been explained using a simple rigid-band picture, in which the similarity of the ionization potential of P3HT (e/ i ¼ 4.7 eV) with (A M $ 5 eV) of metals such as Co or Au leads to the absence of an interface energy barrier. 9,10 In this case, the Fermi level in the metal is aligned with the top of the valence band in the polymer; hence, the contact is transparent for hole-injection. 11,12 However, band offsets can be hidden by the thermal excitation of charge carriers at room temperature, and consequently, a low-temperature study is necessary to discern the real nature of contact resistance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of charge carrier injection on the interface energy barrier in short-channel polymeric field effect transistors

Alborghetti

Coey

Stamenov

2012

Applied Physics Letters

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of charge carrier injection on the interface energy barrier in short-channel polymeric field effect transistors

Alborghetti

Coey

Stamenov

2012

Applied Physics Letters

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“…9-13), or photovoltaic and solar cells (14)(15)(16)(17). Such devices are expected to be ultimately incorporated, for instance, into all-plastic integrated circuits for low-end and cheap electronics (7,8,18) and all-plastic light-emitting displays, where each pixel consists of an organic LED driven by an organic FET (19,20). In all of these applications, the efficiency of charge transport within the organic layer(s) plays a key role.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic semiconductors: A theoretical characterization of the basic parameters governing charge transport

Brédas

Calbert

Filho

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,200

993

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Organic semiconductors based on -conjugated oligomers and polymers constitute the active elements in new generations of plastic (opto)electronic devices. The performance of these devices depends largely on the efficiency of the charge-transport processes; at the microscopic level, one of the major parameters governing the transport properties is the amplitude of the electronic transfer integrals between adjacent oligomer or polymer chains. Here, quantum-chemical calculations are performed on model systems to address the way transfer integrals between adjacent chains are affected by the nature and relative positions of the interacting units. Compounds under investigation include oligothienylenes, hexabenzocoronene, oligoacenes, and perylene. It is shown that the amplitude of the transfer integrals is extremely sensitive to the molecular packing. Interestingly, in contrast to conventional wisdom, specific arrangements can lead to electron mobilities that are larger than hole mobilities, which is, for instance, the case of perylene. O rganic -conjugated materials offer remarkable potential as active elements in (opto)electronic devices that exploit their semiconducting properties, such as field-effect transistors (FETs; refs. 1-8), light-emitting diodes (LEDs; refs. 9-13), or photovoltaic and solar cells (14-17). Such devices are expected to be ultimately incorporated, for instance, into all-plastic integrated circuits for low-end and cheap electronics (7,8,18) and all-plastic light-emitting displays, where each pixel consists of an organic LED driven by an organic FET (19,20). In all of these applications, the efficiency of charge transport within the organic layer(s) plays a key role. In light-emitting diodes, it is desirable that the injected holes and electrons have large and similar mobilities to prevent electroluminescence quenching that can occur when charges recombine close to a metallic interface (21); high-charge mobilities favor recombination processes in the bulk (where charges can be confined further by means of organic-organic interfaces; ref. 22). In solar cells, the charges created upon photoexcitation of the active material have to be transported efficiently to be collected at the metallic contacts and stored under the form of electrical energy. Another challenge is to develop materials displaying high electron and hole mobilities in field-effect architectures to design complex organic circuits.The charge-transport properties critically depend on the degree of ordering of the chains in the solid state as well as on the density of chemical and͞or structural defects (23)(24)(25). This dependence explains why, over the last decades, the experimental characterization of the transport properties in organic thin films or crystals has led to results that vary with sample quality. Recently, the synthesis of ultra-pure single crystals of organic semiconductors such as oligoacenes has allowed Batlogg and coworkers (28) to demonstrate remarkable features that in many instances had been thought to be restricte...

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“…1 A and derivatives) that has been the subject of almost explosive recent interest (7-13). Although much attention has focused on the well known potential for use of PPV derivatives as electronic materials [e.g., electrochemical sensors (14-16) light-emitting diodes (17, 18), and integrated circuits (19,20)], the highly charged backbone of MPS-PPV (with charge density approximating that of polynucleic acids such as DNA and RNA), also makes it a model polymer for understanding the interactions and self-assembly properties of charged biopolymers. In this paper, we report a striking discovery: the use of this fluorescent anionic polymer leads to a greater than million-fold amplification of the sensitivity to fluorescence quenching, relative to that of corresponding small conjugated molecules with similar structure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Highly sensitive biological and chemical sensors based on reversible fluorescence quenching in a conjugated polymer

Chen

McBranch

Wang

et al. 1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

879

863

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The fluorescence of a polyanionic conjugated polymer can be quenched by extremely low concentrations of cationic electron acceptors in aqueous solutions. We report a greater than millionfold amplification of the sensitivity to fluorescence quenching compared with corresponding ''molecular excited states.'' Using a combination of steady-state and ultrafast spectroscopy, we have established that the dramatic quenching results from weak complex formation [polymer (؊) ͞quencher (؉) ], followed by ultrafast electron transfer from excitations on the entire polymer chain to the quencher, with a time constant of 650 fs. Because of the weak complex formation, the quenching can be selectively reversed by using a quencher-recognition diad. We have constructed such a diad and demonstrate that the fluorescence is fully recovered on binding between the recognition site and a specific analyte protein. In both solutions and thin films, this reversible fluorescence quenching provides the basis for a new class of highly sensitive biological and chemical sensors. With the rising awareness of the public vulnerability to chemical and biological terrorism, there is a heightened need for detection techniques that show both high sensitivity and selectivity. Such techniques also would find wide use in medical diagnostics and biomedical research applications. Methods of identifying biological molecules such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) achieve selectivity by using specific antibody͞antigen interactions to anchor the antigen to a substrate, with a subsequent colorimetric change or fluorescence signal on addition of secondary reagents; these techniques can be time-consuming and require multistep procedures. Other approaches have used molecular recognition ligands to link to specific receptor sites on a biological species, usually as a means also of fixing the biomolecule to a substrate or membrane (1-6) It has remained a challenge to incorporate the selectivity offered by ligand͞receptor interactions into a sensor that can be extremely sensitive, robust, and versatile.We have recently explored the photophysical properties of a fluorescent, water-soluble polyanionic conjugated polymer [poly (2-methoxy-5-propyloxy sulfonate phenylene vinylene (MPS-PPV)] (Fig. 1B), one of a larger class of related molecules [poly phenylene vinylene (PPV)] (Fig. 1 A and derivatives) that has been the subject of almost explosive recent interest (7-13). Although much attention has focused on the well known potential for use of PPV derivatives as electronic materials [e.g., electrochemical sensors (14-16) light-emitting diodes (17, 18), and integrated circuits (19,20)], the highly charged backbone of MPS-PPV (with charge density approximating that of polynucleic acids such as DNA and RNA), also makes it a model polymer for understanding the interactions and self-assembly properties of charged biopolymers. In this paper, we report a striking discovery: the use of this fluorescent anionic polymer leads to a greater than million-fold amplificatio...

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Organic smart pixels

Cited by 335 publications

References 18 publications

Dependence of charge carrier injection on the interface energy barrier in short-channel polymeric field effect transistors

Dependence of charge carrier injection on the interface energy barrier in short-channel polymeric field effect transistors

Organic semiconductors: A theoretical characterization of the basic parameters governing charge transport

Highly sensitive biological and chemical sensors based on reversible fluorescence quenching in a conjugated polymer

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