Organic-resistant screen-printed graphitic electrodes: Application to on-site monitoring of liquid fuels

Abstract

This work presents the potential application of organic-resistant screen-printed graphitic electrodes (SPGEs) for fuel analysis. The required analysis of the antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP) in biodiesel and jet fuel is demonstrated as a proof-of-concept. The screen-printing of graphite, Ag/AgCl and insulator inks on a polyester substrate (250 μm thickness) resulted in SPGEs highly compatible with liquid fuels. SPGEs were placed on a batch-injection analysis (BIA) cell, which was filled with a hydroethanolic solution containing 99% v/v ethanol and 0.1 mol L(-1) HClO4 (electrolyte). An electronic micropipette was connected to the cell to perform injections (100 μL) of sample or standard solutions. Over 200 injections can be injected continuously without replacing electrolyte and SPGE strip. Amperometric detection (+1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl) of 2,6-DTBP provided fast (around 8 s) and precise (RSD = 0.7%, n = 12) determinations using an external calibration curve. The method was applied for the analysis of biodiesel and aviation jet fuel samples and comparable results with liquid and gas chromatographic analyses, typically required for biodiesel and jet fuel samples, were obtained. Hence, these SPGE strips are completely compatible with organic samples and their combination with the BIA cell shows great promise for routine and portable analysis of fuels and other organic liquid samples without requiring sophisticated sample treatments.

Fast Determination of Antioxidant Capacity of Food Samples Using Continuous Amperometric Detection on Polyester Screen‐printed Graphitic Electrodes

“…Our research group recently demonstrated the potential use of such SPGEs for electrochemical measurements in non‐aqueous media for biofuel analysis . This pioneering work motivated the development of a portable, fast, accurate and precise method based on batch‐injection analysis (BIA) combined with SPGE for measuring antioxidant capacity of food samples, especially edible oil samples.…”

“…The dispensing rate of 193 μL s −1 was selected for further measurements as faster injections may generate higher standard deviations (limited data points for an injection that would take less than 0.5 s if higher dispensing rates were selected). A similar trend was previously reported in BIA systems using conventional electrodes or screen‐printed electrodes .…”

Fast Determination of Antioxidant Capacity of Food Samples Using Continuous Amperometric Detection on Polyester Screen‐printed Graphitic Electrodes

“…Our research group recently demonstrated the potential use of such SPGEs for electrochemical measurements in non‐aqueous media for biofuel analysis . This pioneering work motivated the development of a portable, fast, accurate and precise method based on batch‐injection analysis (BIA) combined with SPGE for measuring antioxidant capacity of food samples, especially edible oil samples.…”

“…The dispensing rate of 193 μL s −1 was selected for further measurements as faster injections may generate higher standard deviations (limited data points for an injection that would take less than 0.5 s if higher dispensing rates were selected). A similar trend was previously reported in BIA systems using conventional electrodes or screen‐printed electrodes .…”

Screen-Printed Technologies Combined with Flow Analysis Techniques: Moving from Benchtop to Everywhere

“…An organic-resistant SPGE was built by using insulator inks on a polyester substrate, producing an arrangement highly compatible with liquid fuels. Applications for monitoring antioxidants in aviation jet fuel and in biodiesel revealed comparable results for BIA with liquid and gas chromatographic analyses . A similar study provided great promises for lead trace quantification in aviation (bio)­fuel samples using SPAuE associated with anodic stripping voltammetry .…”

“…Applications for monitoring antioxidants in aviation jet fuel and in biodiesel revealed comparable results for BIA with liquid and gas chromatographic analyses. 116 A similar study provided great promises for lead trace quantification in aviation (bio)fuel samples using SPAuE associated with anodic stripping voltammetry. 117 The continuous monitoring of a corrosion inhibitor was also demonstrated for ethanol, seawater, and mineral oil with rapid (180 analysis h −1 ) and precise (RSD < 3%) response, with a low LOD (0.3 μmol L −1 ) related to the analyses.…”

Rapid Quantification of Antioxidant Capacity in Tea Using Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes

“…Importantly, a single LIG electrode was used to evaluate the interday precision in three different concentrations in the presence of an electrolyte solution containing 50% ethanol, which shows the electrode compatibility with ethanol. This statement is relevant as SPEs are incompatible with such a high amount of ethanol, and organic-resistant inks are normally required …”

Fast Determination of Antioxidant Capacity of Food Samples Using Continuous Amperometric Detection on Polyester Screen‐printed Graphitic Electrodes

“…Our research group recently demonstrated the potential use of such SPGEs for electrochemical measurements in non‐aqueous media for biofuel analysis . This pioneering work motivated the development of a portable, fast, accurate and precise method based on batch‐injection analysis (BIA) combined with SPGE for measuring antioxidant capacity of food samples, especially edible oil samples.…”

“…The dispensing rate of 193 μL s −1 was selected for further measurements as faster injections may generate higher standard deviations (limited data points for an injection that would take less than 0.5 s if higher dispensing rates were selected). A similar trend was previously reported in BIA systems using conventional electrodes or screen‐printed electrodes .…”

Screen-Printed Technologies Combined with Flow Analysis Techniques: Moving from Benchtop to Everywhere

“…An organic-resistant SPGE was built by using insulator inks on a polyester substrate, producing an arrangement highly compatible with liquid fuels. Applications for monitoring antioxidants in aviation jet fuel and in biodiesel revealed comparable results for BIA with liquid and gas chromatographic analyses . A similar study provided great promises for lead trace quantification in aviation (bio)­fuel samples using SPAuE associated with anodic stripping voltammetry .…”

“…Applications for monitoring antioxidants in aviation jet fuel and in biodiesel revealed comparable results for BIA with liquid and gas chromatographic analyses. 116 A similar study provided great promises for lead trace quantification in aviation (bio)fuel samples using SPAuE associated with anodic stripping voltammetry. 117 The continuous monitoring of a corrosion inhibitor was also demonstrated for ethanol, seawater, and mineral oil with rapid (180 analysis h −1 ) and precise (RSD < 3%) response, with a low LOD (0.3 μmol L −1 ) related to the analyses.…”

Rapid Quantification of Antioxidant Capacity in Tea Using Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes

“…Importantly, a single LIG electrode was used to evaluate the interday precision in three different concentrations in the presence of an electrolyte solution containing 50% ethanol, which shows the electrode compatibility with ethanol. This statement is relevant as SPEs are incompatible with such a high amount of ethanol, and organic-resistant inks are normally required …”

Fast Determination of Antioxidant Capacity of Food Samples Using Continuous Amperometric Detection on Polyester Screen‐printed Graphitic Electrodes

“…Our research group recently demonstrated the potential use of such SPGEs for electrochemical measurements in non‐aqueous media for biofuel analysis . This pioneering work motivated the development of a portable, fast, accurate and precise method based on batch‐injection analysis (BIA) combined with SPGE for measuring antioxidant capacity of food samples, especially edible oil samples.…”

“…The dispensing rate of 193 μL s −1 was selected for further measurements as faster injections may generate higher standard deviations (limited data points for an injection that would take less than 0.5 s if higher dispensing rates were selected). A similar trend was previously reported in BIA systems using conventional electrodes or screen‐printed electrodes .…”

Screen-Printed Technologies Combined with Flow Analysis Techniques: Moving from Benchtop to Everywhere

“…An organic-resistant SPGE was built by using insulator inks on a polyester substrate, producing an arrangement highly compatible with liquid fuels. Applications for monitoring antioxidants in aviation jet fuel and in biodiesel revealed comparable results for BIA with liquid and gas chromatographic analyses . A similar study provided great promises for lead trace quantification in aviation (bio)­fuel samples using SPAuE associated with anodic stripping voltammetry .…”

“…Applications for monitoring antioxidants in aviation jet fuel and in biodiesel revealed comparable results for BIA with liquid and gas chromatographic analyses. 116 A similar study provided great promises for lead trace quantification in aviation (bio)fuel samples using SPAuE associated with anodic stripping voltammetry. 117 The continuous monitoring of a corrosion inhibitor was also demonstrated for ethanol, seawater, and mineral oil with rapid (180 analysis h −1 ) and precise (RSD < 3%) response, with a low LOD (0.3 μmol L −1 ) related to the analyses.…”

Rapid Quantification of Antioxidant Capacity in Tea Using Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes

“…Importantly, a single LIG electrode was used to evaluate the interday precision in three different concentrations in the presence of an electrolyte solution containing 50% ethanol, which shows the electrode compatibility with ethanol. This statement is relevant as SPEs are incompatible with such a high amount of ethanol, and organic-resistant inks are normally required …”