Ordering Knowledge in the Markers of Psychiatric/Mental Disorders

Abstract

The Special Issue “Advances in Markers of Psychiatric Disorders” [...]

Markers of Schizophrenia—A Critical Narrative Update

“…In accordance with the “Immunoseasonal” theory of mental disorders, described by Waszkiewicz [ 14 ], to maintain Th1–Th2 (Th1-IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-, and Th2-IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) immune homeostasis during a mood-related increased Th1 response in schizophrenia patients, the body increases the Th2 late response that dominates when the Th1 response declines post-seasonally. Thus, the hyperactivation of Th2 is similar to the response that is triggered during a parasitic (extracellular) infection or an allergic reaction, with the predominance of skin changes that are also found in schizophrenia [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Oxidative stress is used by our inflammatory cells to fight potential pathogens, and their values correlate with each other [ 14 ].…”

“…Other studies have also suggested an altered concentration of other proteins as markers of schizophrenia, e.g., IL-12, CRP, S100 proteins and nerve growth factor (NGF) [ 13 ]. As IL-1, IL-6, and TNF can be reduced while antipsychotic treatment, and their decrease can be the result of the reduced activity of the stress axis, [ 14 ], it has been suggested that potential immunological markers can be found after the partial normalization of the immunological markers of acute stress. In accordance with the “Immunoseasonal” theory of mental disorders, described by Waszkiewicz [ 14 ], to maintain Th1–Th2 (Th1-IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-, and Th2-IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) immune homeostasis during a mood-related increased Th1 response in schizophrenia patients, the body increases the Th2 late response that dominates when the Th1 response declines post-seasonally.…”

“…As IL-1, IL-6, and TNF can be reduced while antipsychotic treatment, and their decrease can be the result of the reduced activity of the stress axis, [ 14 ], it has been suggested that potential immunological markers can be found after the partial normalization of the immunological markers of acute stress. In accordance with the “Immunoseasonal” theory of mental disorders, described by Waszkiewicz [ 14 ], to maintain Th1–Th2 (Th1-IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-, and Th2-IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) immune homeostasis during a mood-related increased Th1 response in schizophrenia patients, the body increases the Th2 late response that dominates when the Th1 response declines post-seasonally. Thus, the hyperactivation of Th2 is similar to the response that is triggered during a parasitic (extracellular) infection or an allergic reaction, with the predominance of skin changes that are also found in schizophrenia [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

“…Thus, the hyperactivation of Th2 is similar to the response that is triggered during a parasitic (extracellular) infection or an allergic reaction, with the predominance of skin changes that are also found in schizophrenia [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Oxidative stress is used by our inflammatory cells to fight potential pathogens, and their values correlate with each other [ 14 ]. Therefore, there was an observed reduction of the anti-oxidant enzymes (catalase -CAT, superoxide dismutase -SOD, and peroxidase) that may be due to the transformation of the Th1 to Th2 immuno-response in schizophrenia patients [ 14 ].…”

“…Oxidative stress is used by our inflammatory cells to fight potential pathogens, and their values correlate with each other [ 14 ]. Therefore, there was an observed reduction of the anti-oxidant enzymes (catalase -CAT, superoxide dismutase -SOD, and peroxidase) that may be due to the transformation of the Th1 to Th2 immuno-response in schizophrenia patients [ 14 ]. It may be that further research is needed to observe Th2 immune response and its related oxidative changes as markers of schizophrenia, however not at the HPA axis immune peak response.…”