Oral manifestations ofCOVID‐19 disease: A review article

Abstract

Dysgeusia is the first recognized oral symptom of novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). In this review article, we described oral lesions of COVID‐19 patients. We searched PubMed library and Google Scholar for published literature since December 2019 until September 2020. Finally, we selected 35 articles including case reports, case series and letters to editor. Oral manifestations included ulcer, erosion, bulla, vesicle, pustule, fissured or depapillated tongue, macule, papule, plaque, pigmentation, halitosis, whitish areas, hemorrhagic crust, necrosis, petechiae, swelling, erythema, and spontaneous bleeding. The most common sites of involvement in descending order were tongue (38%), labial mucosa (26%), and palate (22%). Suggested diagnoses of the lesions were aphthous stomatitis, herpetiform lesions, candidiasis, vasculitis, Kawasaki‐like, EM‐like, mucositis, drug eruption, necrotizing periodontal disease, angina bullosa‐like, angular cheilitis, atypical Sweet syndrome, and Melkerson‐Rosenthal syndrome. Oral lesions were symptomatic in 68% of the cases. Oral lesions were nearly equal in both genders (49% female and 51% male). Patients with older age and higher severity of COVID‐19 disease had more widespread and sever oral lesions. Lack of oral hygiene, opportunistic infections, stress, immunosuppression, vasculitis, and hyper‐inflammatory response secondary to COVID‐19 are the most important predisposing factors for onset of oral lesions in COVID‐19 patients.

Oral Complications of ICU Patients with COVID-19: Case-Series and Review of Two Hundred Ten Cases

“…The emerging evidence on COVID-19 related oral manifestations had triggered a broad debate regarding the pathophysiological course and the epidemiological significance of these mucocutaneous symptoms, given that the case definition of COVID-19 needs to be as sensitive as possible [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 43 ]. The current case definitions of COVID-19 are exclusively dependent on the typical pulmonary symptoms common with other respiratory diseases.…”

“…The patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been diagnosed with an array of oral and dermatologic symptoms in addition to their typical respiratory manifestations [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. These oral symptoms were equally distributed across the gender and had higher prevalence among older patients and the patients with higher severity of the COVID-19 infection [ 1 , 2 ]. However, there is still a question about the pathophysiologic origin of these symptoms, whether they are due to direct viral infection, co-infections, drug reactions, iatrogenic complications, or stress [ 2 ].…”

A combination of phototherapy modalities for extensive lip lesions in a patient with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection

“…The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by a single-chain RNA virus popularly known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [ 1 , 2 ]. According to the World Health Organization on 29 December 2020, over 79 million cases and 1.7 million deaths have been reported globally since the start of the pandemic [ 3 ].…”

“…Since the clinical features of the oral lesions seen in COVID-19 are highly heterogeneous, the treatments differ considerably in the literature, varying from mouthwashes to topical or systemic drugs (antifungals, antibiotics, antivirals, corticosteroids) and even photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) [ 2 ]. In light of these facts, the present study reports a clinical case in which a combination of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and PBMT was used for lip lesions in a patient with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.…”

Is photodynamic therapy a viable antiviral weapon against COVID-19 in dentistry?

“…The dental fraternity is among the worst affected sector following the COVID-19 pandemic. Oral manifestations such as ulcers, blisters, and vesiculobullous lesions 2 , 3 , 4 are often among the earliest manifestations of COVID-19 viral infections which have been managed by treatment modalities such as antifungal, topical or systemic corticosteroids, systemic antibiotics and systemic acyclovir to alleviate these symptoms.…”