Oral Lichen Planus: An Update on Diagnosis and Management

Louisy, Agathe; Humbert, Eiryann; Samimi, Mahtab

doi:10.1007/s40257-023-00814-3

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…If this equilibrium is disrupted, immune cell drift dominated by Th1 or Th2 cells occurs in the body, in which case there is a significant increase in the incidence of immune diseases ( 42 , 43 ). Some studies have shown that Th1 cells can produce immune effects by secreting a large number of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL2, IFN-γ) etc., and the produced inflammatory cytokines, such as IL2, etc., can further promote the differentiation of Th0 cells to Th1 cells and increase the number of Th1 cells, which will lead to an imbalance of Th1/Th2 ( 2 , 44 , 45 ). However, the immune imbalance state of the organism also involves the participation of Th2 cells, and the cytokines produced by Th2 cells (e.g., IL4, IL10) can inhibit the function of Th1 cells, thus regulating the immune imbalance state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A predominant phenotype of persistent and recurrent flare-ups characterizes it. Grayish-white pinhead-sized papular lesions in the form of lines, reticulations, or rings are the main clinical features, and in patients with more severe symptoms, congestion, blisters, or atrophy may also be present ( 2 , 3 ). The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies OLP as an oral potentially malignant disease (OPMD), which can develop into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in severe cases ( 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inflammatory cytokines and oral lichen planus: a Mendelian randomization study

Chen,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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BackgroundInflammatory cytokines have long been considered closely related to the development of oral lichen planus (OLP), and we further explored the causal relationship between the two by Mendelian randomization (MR) method.MethodsWe performed bidirectional MR analyses by large genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The data included a large-scale OLP dataset, as well as datasets of 41 inflammatory cytokines. All data were obtained from the University of Bristol database, which includes 41 inflammatory cytokines, and the GWAS Catalog database, which includes 91 inflammatory cytokines. OLP data were obtained from the Finngen database, which includes 6411 cases and 405770 healthy controls. We used the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, MR-Egger method, weighted median method, simple mode method and weighted mode method to analyze the causal relationship between inflammatory cytokines and OLP, and we also combined with sensitivity analysis to further verify the robustness of the results. We performed a meta-analysis of positive or potentially positive results for the same genes to confirm the reliability of the final results.ResultsWe primarily used the IVW analysis method, corrected using the Benjamin Hochberg (BH) method. When p<0.00038 (0.05/132), the results are significantly causal; when 0.00038<p<0.05, the results are potentially causal. We found a total of 7 inflammatory cytokines with significant or potential associations with OLP (University of Bristol database: 2, GWAS Catalog database: 5). In the reverse analysis, we found that a total of 30 inflammatory cytokines were significantly or potentially associated with OLP (University of Bristol database: 5, GWAS Catalog database: 25). After sensitivity analysis and meta-analysis, we finally determined that there was a causal relationship between a total of 3 inflammatory cytokines and OLP in the forward analysis, the most significant of which was FGF21 (p=0.02954, odds ratio (OR): 1.113, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.011-1.226). In the reverse analysis, 14 inflammatory cytokines were causally associated with OLP, the most significant of which was PLAU (p=0.00002, OR: 0.951, 95%CI: 0.930-0.973).ConclusionThere is a causal association between OLP and some inflammatory cytokines, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of OLP and require further attention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory cytokines and oral lichen planus: a Mendelian randomization study

Chen,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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“…Both direct immunofluorescence and ELISA techniques were employed to rule out bullous conditions (Van Der Meij and Van Der Waal, 2003). The updated diagnostic criteria for OLP, modified from WHO 2003 criteria, were delineated in 2016 (Louisy et al, 2023). These criteria define characteristic clinical features of OLP as well-defined, looping, and intersecting white striae against a backdrop of variable erythema.…”

Section: Case Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lichenoid mucocutaneous reactions associated with sintilimab therapy in a non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma patient: case report and review

Zhou,

Zhang,

Feng

et al. 2023

Front. Pharmacol.

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The immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), anti-programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) antibody, has gained widespread approval for treating various malignancies. Among the immune-related adverse reactions (irAEs) during ICI treatment, the lichenoid reaction is noteworthy. Sintilimab, a new PD-1 inhibitor, has secured approval in China for treating refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and phase I/II clinical trials for other solid tumors are ongoing both domestically and abroad. This paper presents a case of a mucocutaneous lichenoid reaction associated with sintilimab therapy, its diagnosis, and management. Our study, using multiplex immunofluorescence staining, reveals localized infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the subepithelial lamina propria region with upregulated PD-1 expression, implying an association between PD-1 expression upregulation and lichenoid reactions provoked by PD-1 monoclonal antibody. We provide a summary of clinical characteristics and treatment guidelines for lichenoid reactions induced by ICIs from previous reports, highlighting the success of a combined therapeutic regimen of oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids in controlling symptoms without interrupting ICI treatment.

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“…Various clinical types of lesions may be distinguished: reticular, plaque, papular, atrophic, ulcerative/erosive. The most common presentation is reticular OLP, characterized by bilateral keratotic white streaks on the cheek mucosa (called Wickham striae) which are usually asymptomatic [4][5][6][7][8]. On the other hand, the erosive and/or atrophic forms manifest as desquamative, ulcerated and red lesions that tend to cause pain or burning sensation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factors that may impact the initiation, perpetuation, or exacerbation of oral lichen planus lesions have been described, including local factors: mechanical (ill-fitting prosthetics, dental edges), chemical (alcohol and tobacco), or biological (bacterial plaque) [6]. The diagnosis is established mainly from the clinical findings, though with histopathological confirmation [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Infrared Thermography of the Tongue and Taste Perception in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus: Case-Control Study

Nicolas-Rodriguez,

Pons-Fuster,

López-Jornet

2024

JCM

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Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of autoimmune origin that affects the skin and mucous membranes. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of infrared thermography (IRT) as a diagnostic tool in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP), as well as disturbances in taste perception, in cases with and without tongue involvement. A case-control study was carried out in a sample of 87 patients divided into three groups: healthy individuals (controls; n = 43), OLP patients without involvement of the tongue (n = 24), and OLP patients with involvement of the tongue (n = 20). The patient symptoms and the clinical characteristics of the lesions were assessed. Four thermal images of the tongue were obtained using IRT: dorsum, right and left lateral surface, and tip of the tongue. General taste perception capacity and subjective sweet, acid, salty, and bitter sensation were evaluated in all three groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the IRT values among the three groups (p ≥ 0.05). In the OLP patients with involvement of the tongue, significantly higher values were observed in the mixed forms of the disease (p = 0.032). The OLP patients with and without involvement of the tongue showed no significant alterations in taste sensation (p = 0.69). IRT may serve as a complementary tool for assessing the activity of OLP with involvement of the tongue. However, more research is needed in this field.

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Oral Lichen Planus: An Update on Diagnosis and Management

Cited by 11 publications

References 106 publications

Inflammatory cytokines and oral lichen planus: a Mendelian randomization study

Inflammatory cytokines and oral lichen planus: a Mendelian randomization study

Lichenoid mucocutaneous reactions associated with sintilimab therapy in a non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma patient: case report and review

Diagnostic Infrared Thermography of the Tongue and Taste Perception in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus: Case-Control Study

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