Oral and cranio-maxillofacial surgery in Byzantium

Mylonas, Anastassios I.; Poulakou-Rebelakou, Eleftheria Fotini; Androutsos, Georges; Seggas, Ioannis; Skouteris, Chris A.; Papadopoulou, Evangelia Chr

doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2013.04.006

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Although the almost universal practice of breast-feeding must have provided children with a relatively safe supply of milk and built up their antibodies, they were still prone to malnutrition and anaemia, and no doubt many died from diarrhoeal diseases and infections [Lunt, 1974]. Regarding dental health, there is limited information from Byzantine times [Mylonas et al, 2014] where tooth brushing was probably not practiced. The present condition highlights the importance of diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental Caries and Tooth Wear in a Byzantine Paediatric Population (7th to 10th Centuries AD) from Yenikapı-Constantinople, Istanbul

Çağlar¹,

Görgülü

Kuşcu³

2016

Caries Res

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Dental caries and wear are important conditions to record in archaeological collections. The aim of the present paper is to determine the frequency and distribution of dental caries and dental wear in a mediaeval Byzantine paediatric population in Yenikapı, Constantinople, Istanbul. The present research was carried out on the skeletal remains of 1 infant and 28 children with a total of 180 teeth (113 primary and 67 permanent teeth). The frequency of ante-mortem tooth loss in the sample was 1%. The total frequency of carious lesions in the sample was 2.2%. The frequency of dental wear was rather low (3.3%) exhibiting presence of dentin clusters mostly. The present study evaluated an archaeological collection with low dental wear and low dental caries prevalence indicating a fishing community.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental Caries and Tooth Wear in a Byzantine Paediatric Population (7th to 10th Centuries AD) from Yenikapı-Constantinople, Istanbul

Çağlar¹,

Görgülü

Kuşcu³

2016

Caries Res

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“…They explain accurately in their texts details of new important surgical procedures and therapeutic treatments but, at the same time operation techniques originating from earlier Greek, Hellenistic and Roman period medical texts survived, celebrating the works of the Pythagorean physicians Democides of Croton (∆ηµoκήδης ὁ Kρoτωνιάτης 6th century BC) and Alcmaeon of Croton, who first dealt with the human neurosensory functions in the work "Περί Φύσεως" (About Nature), Hippocrates, Praxagoras of Kos (Πραξαγóρας ὁ Kῷoς, 4th-3th BC), the Alexandria of Egypt Hellenistic medical school's (288-300 BC) scholars Herophilus of Chalcedon (῾Ηρóϕιλoς ὁ Xαλκηδών, 330-260 BC) and Erasistratus of Ceos (᾿Ερασίστρατoς, 304-250 BC), Asklepiades of Bithynia, Dioscorides Pedanius, Rufus of Ephesus (Poύϕoς ὁ ᾿Εϕέσιoς, 98-117 AD), Aretaeus of Cappadocia, Galen and other illustrious Greek physicians. Among the Byzantine doctors we must cite Oribasius of Pergamum, Aetius Amidenus, (᾿ Αέτιoς ὁ ᾿ Αµιδηνóς, 502-575 AD), Alexander Trallianus (᾿ Αλέξανδρoς ὁ Tραλλιανóς,6th century AD), Paul of Aegina (Παύλoς ὁ ᾿ Αιγινήτης, 625-690 AD), Meletius the Monk (Mελέτιoς ὁ Moναχóς, 8th to 9th century AD), Leon Iatrosophist (Λέων Iατρoσoϕιστής, 9th century) and Nicholas Myrepsos the Actuarios (Nικóλαoς Mυρεψóς ὁ ᾿ Ακτoυάριoς, 13th century) [37,39,40,[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70].…”

Section: The Middle Ages and The Medical Practices Of The Byzantine Empirementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Byzantine physicians enriched Classical Greek medicine with detailed descriptions of laryngeal and pharyngeal surgery in their Byzantine medical texts, introducing new diagnostic modalities and treatments in dentistry, oral pathologies (aphthae, ulcerative and septic stomatitis, gingivitis, glossitis) but also describing oral cancers on the tongue and the lips [65][66][67][68].…”

Section: The Middle Ages and The Medical Practices Of The Byzantine Empirementioning

confidence: 99%

“…He reports on the medical practices of many his predecessors, such as the Greek surgeons Antillus (᾿ Αντυλλos, 2nd century BC) and Heliodorus (Hλιóδωρos, 1th AD). In some parts of this medical collection, such as in the 9th volume, "Σύνoψις πρoς Eυστάθιoν" (Synopsis ad Eustathium filium), particularly in Bιβλίoν Γ' (Book III) "Περί ύλης ιατρικής" (De Materia Medica), Bιβλίoν E' and ΣT' (Book V and VI) and the 4th volume "Πρoς Eυνάπιoν περί ευπoρίστων (ϕαρµάκων)" (Ad Eunapium libri IV), Bιβλίoν ∆' (Book IV) "Περί νóσων β'" (About Diseases, II), he speaks about the pharmacological and surgical management of different oral cavity diseases, such as swelling of lips and tongue, acrochordons (warts or fibroepithelial polyps) of the lips, nose and ear, cheilitis and stomatitis, tooth decay and gum diseases, while in Bιβλίoν µε' (Book LX) he refers to surgical treatment of cancerous growths on the lips, ears, nose and eyelids by his predecessors, Rufus of Ephesus and Xenophon (10 BC-54 AD) [66][67][68], In an abstract from this book "῾Εκ τῶν Poύϕoυ. Περὶ ἁκρoχoρδóνων καρκινωµάτων", κεϕ.…”

Section: The Middle Ages and The Medical Practices Of The Byzantine Empirementioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Cancer: A Historical Review

Inchingolo

Santacroce

Ballini

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Aim: This historical medical literature review aims at understanding the evolution of the medical existence of oral cancer over times, particularly better comprehending if the apparent lower prevalence of this type of cancer in antiquity is a real value due to the absence of modern environmental and lifestyle factors or it is linked to a misinterpretation of ancient foreign terms found in ancient medical texts regarding oral neoplasms. Methods: The databases MedLne, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier’s EMBASE.com, Cochrane Review, National Library of Greece (Stavros Niarchos Foundation, Athens) and the Library of the School of Health Sciences of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Greece) were extensively searched for relevant studies published during the past century on the history of oral cancer and its treatment from antiquity to modern times, in addition to the WHO website to analyse the latest epidemiological data. In addition, we included historical books on the topic of interest and original sources. Results: Historical references reveal that the cradle of the oral oncology was in ancient Egypt, the Asian continent and Greece and cancer management was confined to an approximate surgical practice, in order to remove abnormal masses and avoid bleeding with cauterization. In the Medieval Age, little progress occurred in medicine in general, oral cancers management included. It is only from the Renaissance to modern times that knowledge about its pathophysiological mechanisms and histopathology and its surgical and pharmacological treatment approaches became increasingly deep all over the world, evolving to the actual integrated treatment. Despite the abundant literature exploring oncology in past civilizations, the real prevalence of oral cancer in antiquity is much less known; but a literature analysis cannot exclude a consistent prevalence of this cancer in past populations, probably with a likely lower incidence than today, because many descriptions of its aggressiveness were found in ancient medical texts, but it is still difficult to be sure that each single description of oral masses could be associated to cancer, particularly for what concerns the period before the Middle Ages. Conclusions: Modern oncologists and oral surgeons must learn a lot from their historic counterparts in order to avoid past unsuccessful efforts to treatment oral malignancies. Several descriptions of oral cancers in the antiquity that we found let us think that this disease might be linked to mechanisms not strictly dependent on environmental risk factors, and this might guide future research on oral cavity treatments towards strategical cellular and molecular techniques.

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“…Though the ancient world is marked by a paucity of dental literature, there is evidence that dentistry was practiced in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Etruria, Greece, Rome, in the Middle East in the ancient Hebrew and Islamic worlds, and in China and Japan . In classical Greek culture, we can trace the progressive increase in knowledge of dental anatomy and physiology.…”

Section: A Brief History Of Dental Anatomy From the Ancient World To mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the discovery of cementum

Foster

2017

J of Periodontal Research

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Though cementum of the tooth root is critical for periodontal structure and tooth attachment and function, this tissue was not discovered and characterized on human teeth until a full century later than enamel and dentin. Early observations from the 17th to the 19th centuries by Marcello Malpighi, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Blake, Jacques Tenon, and Georges Cuvier founded a confusing and conflicting nomenclature that obscured the nature of cementum, often conflating it with bone. Advances in microscopy and histological procedures yielded the first detailed descriptions of human cementum in the 1830s by Jan Purkinje and Anders Retzius, who identified for the first time acellular and cellular types of cementum, and the resident cementocytes embedded in the latter. Comparative anatomy studies by Richard Owen and others over the latter half of the 19th century identified coronal and radicular cementum varieties across Reptilia and Mammalia. The functional importance of cementum was not appreciated until detailed anatomical studies of the periodontium were performed by G.V. Black and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These early studies on cementum laid the foundation for more advanced understanding of cementum ultrastructure, composition, development, physiology, disease, genetics, repair, and regeneration throughout the 20th and into the 21st centuries.

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Oral and cranio-maxillofacial surgery in Byzantium

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Dental Caries and Tooth Wear in a Byzantine Paediatric Population (7th to 10th Centuries AD) from Yenikapı-Constantinople, Istanbul

Dental Caries and Tooth Wear in a Byzantine Paediatric Population (7th to 10th Centuries AD) from Yenikapı-Constantinople, Istanbul

Oral Cancer: A Historical Review

On the discovery of cementum

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