“…By using a group of photoactivatable proteins, which undergo conformational changes and interact with each other upon excitation by light at specific wavelengths, optogenetics has extended its modality into interrogating complex intracellular signaling networks (Kennedy et al, 2010;Levskaya et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2009;Yazawa et al, 2009;Zhou et al, 2012). Shortly after the report of light-gated ion channel-based neuronal firing control (Boyden et al, 2005), optogenetics has been successfully used to control a variety of biological events in cell culture and single-cell organisms (reviewed by Kim and Lin, 2013;Muller et al, 2015;Schmidt and Cho, 2015;Tischer and Weiner, 2014;Toettcher et al, 2011;Tucker, 2012;Zhang and Cui, 2015;Zoltowski and Gardner, 2011). More recently, several studies have tested its application in multicellular organisms (Hallett et al, 2016).…”