Optimizing Human Intestinal Enteroids for Environmental Monitoring of Human Norovirus

Interventions to prevent surface transmission of an infectious virus based on real human touch behavior: a case study of the norovirus

“…Because fomites are the main route of norovirus transmission, no other transmission routes (e.g., airborne) were considered in this study ( Lei et al, 2017 ;Overbey et al, 2021 ). Figure 1 shows how norovirus spreads through surfaces in an indoor environment (Appendix B).…”

Replication of Human Norovirus in Human Intestinal Enteroids Is Affected by Fecal Sample Processing

“…Factors such as bile and appropriate histoblood group antigen expression on HIE were found to be critical or to enhance replication of certain HuNoV genotypes in HIE, while other factors such as the addition of trypsin and pancreatin failed to enhance HuNoV replication [ 13 ]. Other factors that were previously tested for their effect on HuNoV replication in HIE models included HIE age (i.e., passage number which reflects age in weeks of maintaining the HIE in culture) and the volume of HuNoV inoculum (100, 200, 250 or 300 µL) used for infecting the HIE [ 20 ]. It was found that older passages at 40–49 resulted in 2% odds of detecting infectious HuNoV GII.4 Sydney as compared to newer passage numbers at 20–29 [ 20 ].…”

“…Other factors that were previously tested for their effect on HuNoV replication in HIE models included HIE age (i.e., passage number which reflects age in weeks of maintaining the HIE in culture) and the volume of HuNoV inoculum (100, 200, 250 or 300 µL) used for infecting the HIE [ 20 ]. It was found that older passages at 40–49 resulted in 2% odds of detecting infectious HuNoV GII.4 Sydney as compared to newer passage numbers at 20–29 [ 20 ]. In addition, using 200 µL to infect HIE monolayers had reduced odds of detecting infectious HuNoV as compared to using 100 µL [ 20 ].…”

“…It was found that older passages at 40–49 resulted in 2% odds of detecting infectious HuNoV GII.4 Sydney as compared to newer passage numbers at 20–29 [ 20 ]. In addition, using 200 µL to infect HIE monolayers had reduced odds of detecting infectious HuNoV as compared to using 100 µL [ 20 ]. This suggests that further optimization of factors affecting HIE and/or the fecal samples to achieve replication of HuNoV belonging to multiple or within the same genotype is needed.…”

High pressure treatment and green tea extract synergistically control enteric virus contamination in beverages

“…Only very recently, a novel three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technique based on non-transformed stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), which recapitulate the complexity and cell diversity of the gastrointestinal tract has been reported to be permissive towards human norovirus infection (Costantini et al, 2018;Ettayebi et al, 2016). However, the HIE system is still at the dawn of its application in food and environmental virology field (Estes et al, 2019;Overbey et al, 2021).…”