Optimization of Ultrasound- and Microwave-Assisted Extraction for the Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Peach Byproducts Using Experimental Design and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

The conversion of plant byproducts, which are phenolic-rich substrates, to valuable co-products by implementing non-conventional extraction techniques is the need of the hour. In the current study, ultrasound- (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were applied for the recovery of polyphenols from peach byproducts. Two-level screening and Box–Behnken design were adopted to optimize extraction efficiency in terms of total phenolic content (TPC). Methanol:water 4:1% v/v was the extraction solvent. The optimal conditions of UAE were 15 min, 8 s ON-5 s OFF, and 35 mL g−1, while MAE was maximized at 20 min, 58 °C, and 16 mL g−1. Regarding the extracts’ TPC and antioxidant activity, MAE emerged as the method of choice, whilst their antiradical activity was similar in both techniques. Furthermore, a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to determine chlorogenic acid and naringenin in byproducts’ extracts. 4-Chloro-4′-hydroxybenzophenone is proposed as a new internal standard in LC-MS/MS analysis in foods and byproducts. Chlorogenic acid was extracted in higher yields when UAE was used, while MAE favored the extraction of the flavonoid compound, naringenin. To conclude, non-conventional extraction could be considered as an efficient and fast alternative for the recovery of bioactive compounds from plant matrices.

Bioactive Compounds and In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticoccidial Activities of Opuntia ficus-indica Flower Extracts

“…Moreover, numerous studies have demonstrated that the solvent concentration, solvent-to-sample, temperature, and pressure rate parameters affect the extraction yield [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Our results are in agreement with those of Bansodet al [ 35 ] and Tsiaka et al, [ 36 ], who reported that the optimization parameters influence the extraction of both bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities. In the current study, special interest has been given to microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) due to its positive impact on the extraction of bioactive compounds, i.e., higher product yields and shorter extraction times [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Valorization of Peach By-Products: Utilizing Them as Valuable Resources in a Circular Economy Model

“…Mokrani and Madani [131] worked on the extraction of phenolic compounds from whole peach fruit, investigating the impact of various parameters, such as time, temperature, solvent type, acetone concentration, and solvent acidity, on the extraction yield. They determined that the optimal extraction conditions entailed using 60% acetone without acidification, with an extraction duration of 180 min at a temperature of 25 • C. In a different approach, Tsiaka et al [132] focused on the extraction of phenolic components from peach skin and pomace using ultrasound-and microwave-assisted techniques. The ultrasound-assisted extraction was optimized at an extraction time of 15 min, a pulse duration/pulse interval ratio of 8/5, and a solvent/solid ratio of 35/1 mL/g.…”

Exploring the Feasibility of Cloud-Point Extraction for Bioactive Compound Recovery from Food Byproducts: A Review

“…Several research groups have been interested in the extraction of pectin from food waste and byproducts using microwave-assisted extraction [27]. This method has been also employed to extract polyphenols from eucalyptus bark [28], peach byproducts [29], and cellulose from almond shell waste [24]. Solid-liquid extraction is a method that is based on transferring the desired compounds from the solid phase to the liquid-extractant phase, usually by employing organic solvents [30].…”