“…Analytical, numerical, and empirical approaches were used to model the cutting operation. The output of the cutting model, directly or indirectly, is used to estimate machining objective functions such as process productivity [14,17,[20][21][22], machined part quality [23][24][25][26][27], production cost [28][29][30][31][32], tool wear rate [33,34], chatter stability thresholds [35,36], energy consumption [37][38][39] and carbon emission [40][41][42]. Online process optimization is defined as a numerical control process in which the machining parameters are regulated based on time-varying feedback [43].…”