Optimization of Biodiesel Production From Waste Frying Oil Over Alumina Supported Chicken Eggshell Catalyst Using Experimental Design Tool

Abstract

An optimization of the biodiesel production from a waste frying oil via a heterogeneous transesterification was studied. This present study is also aimed at investigating the catalytic ehaviour of the alumina supported eggshell (ASE) for the synthesis of biodiesel. A synthesized ASE catalyst, at various mixing ratios of alumina to eggshell, was investigated and exhibited a better activity for the reaction when the eggshell and alumina were mixed via incipient wetness impregnation in 2 : 1 proportion on a mass basis and calcined at 900 °C for 4 h. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized by basicity, BET, SEM, EDX, and FTIR. The 2k factorial experimental design was employed for an optimization of process variables, which include catalyst loading, reaction time, methanol/oil molar ratio and reaction temperature and their effects on the biodiesel yield were studied. The optimization results showed that the reaction time has the highest percentage contribution of 40.139% while the catalyst loading contributes the least to the biodiesel production, as low as 1.233 %. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9492) and the interaction between the reaction time and reaction temperature contributes significantly to the biodiesel production process with percentage contribution of 14.001 %, compared to other interaction terms. The biodiesel yield of 77.56% was obtained under the optimized factor combination of 4.0 wt.% catalyst loading, 120 min reaction time, 12 : 1 methanol/oil molar ratio and reaction temperature of 65 °C. The reusability study showed that the ASE catalyst could be reused for up to four cycles and the biodiesel produced under optimum conditions conformed to the ASTM standard.

Using discarded oyster shells to obtain biodiesel

“…An experimental design was established with nine experimental units (EU), described in Table 1. Three catalyst concentrations were evaluated, estimated by various authors as having the best reaction performance using CaO (Buasri et al, 2015;Lani et al, 2017;Yusuff and Popoola, 2018;Tan et al, 2019).…”

“…Transesterification was carried out in a 500 mL three-way reactor (equipped with a magnetic stirrer and a thermometer), connected to a water-cooled reflux condenser (Figure 2). 50 g of the recycled edible vegetable oil was used for each EU (Yusuff and Popoola, 2018).…”

“…The type of alcohol, reaction time (2 h) and temperature (65 ºC) was kept constant, following Farooq and Ramli (2015), Yusuff and Popoola (2018) and Tan et al (2019). Alcohol: oil molar ratio of 36: 1 was used at a stirring speed of 700 rpm.…”

Development of a composite catalyst from anthill and eggshell: an optimization study on biodiesel production from virgin and waste vegetable oils

“…The anthill/eggshell impregnation ratio played a significant role in the performance of the AEC catalyst. Anthill comprises mixed metal oxides which can serve as a catalyst support [37]. However, when anthill is mixed with eggshell powder in appropriate quantity and calcined at high temperature, they tend to degrade as a result of the evolvement of adsorbed gases (CO 2 , SO 2 , and others) on the solid.…”

“…The oxygen atom in the CaO after calcination represents Lewis base site and the calcium ion is Lewis acid site whereby good activity exhibited by the AEC catalyst during the transesterification reaction was attributed to high basicity. Moreover, the prepared catalyst could be referred to as a supported catalyst as it contains SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , which are good catalyst supports [18,37].…”