Optimization Method for Phenolic Compounds Extraction from Medicinal Plant (Juniperus procera) and Phytochemicals Screening

Abstract

Juniperus procera is a natural source of bioactive compounds with the potential of antitumor, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. An optimization method was developed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC) in leaf and seed extract of Juniperus procera. Organic solvents (methanol (99.8%), ethanol (99%), and acetone (99.5%)), and deionized water (DI) were used for extraction. The estimation of TPC, TFC, and TTC in plant materials was carried out using UV-spectrophotometer and HPLC with the standards gallic acid, quercetin, and tannic acid. Recovery of TPC in leaf extract ranged from 2.9 to 9.7 mg GAE/g DW, TFC from 0.9 to 5.9 mg QE/g DW, and TTC ranged from 1.5 to 4.3 mg TA/g DW while the TPC value in the seed extract ranged from 0.53 to 2.6 mg GAE/g DW, TFC from 0.5 to 1.6 mg QE/g DW, and TTC ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 mg TA/g DW. This result revealed that methanol is the best solvent for recovery of the TPC value (9.7 mg) from leaf extract in comparison to other solvents. Ethanol recorded the highest result of TFC (5.9 mg) in leaf extract among the solvents whereas acetone was the best for TTC yield recovery from leaf extract (4.3 mg). In the case of the seed extract, ethanol was the best solvent for both TPC (2.6 mg), and TFC (1.6 mg) recovery in comparison to other solvents. Total tannin content in methanol resulted in significant recovery from seed extract (1.4 mg). Separation and quantification of gallic acid, quercetin, and tannic acid in plant materials were undertaken using HPLC. Gallic acid in leaf and seed of J. procera ranged from 6.6 to 9.2, 6.5 to 7.2 µg/g DW, quercetin from 6.3 to 18.2, 0.9 to 4.2 µg/g DW, and tannic acid from 16.2 to 29.3, 6.6 to 9.3 µg/g DW, respectively. Solvents have shown a significant effect in the extraction of phenolic compounds. Moreover, phytochemicals in plant materials were identified using GC-MS and resulted in very important bioactive compounds, which include anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antitumor agents such as ferruginol, phenanthrene, and n-hexadecanoic acid. In conclusion, the optimal solvent for extraction depends on the part of the plant material and the compounds that are to be isolated.

Screening and Estimation of Bioactive Compounds of Azanza garckeana (Jakjak) Fruit Using GC-MS, UV–Visible Spectroscopy, and HPLC Analysis

“…The optimal solvent for extraction of phytochemical compounds from plant material might depend on the constituents that are to be isolated, and the part of the plant used. Solvents have shown a significant effect in the extraction of phenolic compounds [41]. Our results have shown that jakjak fruit is a good source of antioxidant compounds which are suitable to be used as dietary supplements.…”

Serum metabolic profile and metabolome genome-wide association study in chicken

“…The literature suggests that in humans, approximately 50% of phenotypic variation in metabolite levels is genetically induced, but heritability estimates vary across metabolite classes [ 43 ]. Compared to plants, which are protected against external stimuli by secondary metabolites [ 44 ], animals are exposed to more diverse environmental stimuli, such as living environment, diet, and drugs [ 45 , 46 ]. In our study, the heritability of peptides and nucleosides was higher than that of other metabolite classes in all four detection modes, this suggests their potential as biomarkers for genetic selection.…”

GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of nangka leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam)

“…Once achieved, the addition of a solution of 100 µL of saturated Na 2 CO 3 and distilled water was continued to the mark of 5 mL. The solution mixture was homogenized by centrifugation, then allowed to stand for 40 minutes, then the absorbance was measured by UV-Vis spectrometry (Gurning et al 2021;Patra et al 2021;Salih et al 2021;Tandi et al 2021). Total tannin was determined equivalence with tannic acid as standard.…”