Optimisation of Karanja/Jatropha-Methanol emulsification variables and their engine evaluation

Agarwal, Avinash Kumar; Patel, Praveen Bhai; Singh, Kunwarjeet

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.092

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Micro-emulsification was found to be more energy efficient and produce lower emissions. e use of methanol in micro-emulsifications has a clear advantage over its use in transesterification for improving the performance of vegetable oil-powered engines [69,70].…”

Section: Micro-emulsificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Croton as a Multipurpose Nonedible Tree Plant for Biodiesel Production towards Feedstock Diversification for Sustainable Energy

Takase

2022

Advances in Agriculture

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Oil demand has risen steadily due to the growing industrialization and modernization of the world. In addition to rising costs, the supply of fossil fuels is also declining. These and many other concerns couple with food shortages have drawn attention of scientists to a substitute fuel that is generated from feedstocks that can be renewed. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel with a lot of expectations is produced using edible grown conventional vegetable oils such as sunflower, rapeseed, palm, and soybean. The production of biodiesel from edible oils has, meanwhile, worsened the existing competitiveness of oil used for food and fuel. Emphasis on using nonedible feedstock is currently guided by research to discover more potential nonedible feedstock such as croton. Differences between perceptions and facts about these nonedible oils necessitate efforts to diversify feedstocks into sources that can warrant the production of energy without impacting on the security of food. Croton is a multipurpose evergreen plant that is nonedible and is commonly present and cultivated under environmental and socio-economic conditions, which are complex in nature. This plant, referred to as a golden tree, has various uses including fuels, medicinal, ornamentals, dyes, feed, enriching of soil, and afforestation. This research was therefore carried out to investigate the multipurpose use croton. Among the highlighted areas include croton (feedstock) used for biodiesel, the necessity for croton seed oil and its value chain, the process for the modifying croton oil to biodiesel, factors that influence the production of biodiesel, the application of croton biodiesel in engines for efficiency and emission characteristics, and prospects for croton biodiesel.

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Section: Micro-emulsificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Croton as a Multipurpose Nonedible Tree Plant for Biodiesel Production towards Feedstock Diversification for Sustainable Energy

Takase

2022

Advances in Agriculture

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“…The emulsified oil had the best stability, and the turbidity and stability time reached the maximum values, which were 191 NTU and 81 min, respectively. Therefore, when the ultrasonic power density was low, the cavitation threshold was not reached such that the cavitation effect was not obvious, and the emulsification could not be completed (Canselier et al 2002;Agarwal et al 2016;Kaci et al 2017;Zhao et al 2017;Kichatov et al 2018;Xu et al 2018). When the intensity of ultrasonication exceeds the cavitation, a further increase in the ultrasound intensity will increase the yield of the chemical reaction and the cavitation effect.…”

Section: Influence Of Ultrasonication On the Emulsified Oils Influenc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, alcohols promote decomposition of the polymer under the action of ultrasonic waves. The addition of methanol facilitated the decomposition of bio-oil, the esterification of acidic compounds, and ultimately produced a low-molecular weight polymer, which effectively improved the density, viscosity, and water content of the bio-oil (Guo et al 2011;Agarwal et al 2016;Xu et al 2018;Zhang et al 2018;Zhao et al 2017Zhao et al , 2018. Note: The ratio of oil-to-alcohol = 2:3, 1:1, and 3:2; the power density and time of ultrasonic: 0.96 w/mL, 20 min, 5% methanol, and 5% assisted emulsifier (Span80+Tween80) with an HLB value of 5.…”

Section: Influence Of Co-emulsifiers On the Emulsified Bio-oils Influ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the upgrading of bio-oil based on low-carbon alcohol solvents and ultrasonic-emulsification

Yan

Zhang

et al. 2022

BioRes

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Effects of the emulsifier type, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value, bio-oil ratio, ultrasonic power density, and ultrasonic time were tested relative to the physicochemical properties and stability of emulsified oils to broaden the use of bio-oil and overcome its defects. The results showed that the turbidity and stabilization times of the emulsified oils reached the maximum values of 184 NTU and 84 min (Span 80 and Tween 80), 191 NTU and 92 min (HLB value of 5), 280 NTU and 92 min (bio-oil ratio of 5%), 191 NTU and 81 min (ultrasonic power density of 0.96 w/mL), 273 NTU and 97 min (ultrasonic time of 20 min), respectively. When the bio-oil to methanol ratio was 1:1, the turbidity value of the emulsified oil reached a maximum value of 664 NTU and the stability time was greater than 24 h. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated that the emulsified oil did not delaminate after 30 d, and the uniformity and stability of the emulsified oil were improved.

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“…Transesterification is considered to be the most reliable method for biodiesel production using vegetable oil feedstocks [9,10]. There are several types of catalysts used for biodiesel production via transesterification reaction such as homogenous catalyst, heterogeneous catalyst and certain enzymes [11][12][13]. Usually KOH or NaOH are frequently being used as base homogenous catalyst, since the rate of reaction is relatively fast [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Karanja Methyl Ester from Crude Karanja Oil Using Meretrix Lyrata Synthesised Active CaO Catalyst

Harreh¹,

Saleh²,

Reddy³

et al. 2018

IJAME

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Active calcium oxide catalyst was synthesised from Meretrix Lyrata (M.Lyrata) following calcination-hydration-dehydration technique. The catalytic feasibility of synthesised CaO was investigated in the production of Karanja methyl ester (KME) from crude Karanja oil (CKO). KME was synthesised through esterification using followed by transesterification utilising CaO in a two-step reaction process of CKO and methanol. The M.Lyrata shells were calcined at 900 ℃ and the catalyst samples were characterised using FTIR, SEM, PSA, and BET-BJH spectrographic techniques. A maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of 97.3 % was obtained at optimum reaction conditions including methanol-to-oil ratio of 12:1, catalyst concentration of 2 wt.%, reaction temperature of 58 ℃ and reaction time of 2 hrs. In a comparative study with commercial CaO, M.Lyrata showed a higher catalytic activity. The catalyst reusability experiments ascertaining reusability of CaO up to four reuse cycles had shown good efficiency. The economic comparative study confirms that CaO derived from M.Lyrata can be used as an alternative and feasible catalyst for biodiesel production. The KME fuel properties complied to EN-14214 biodiesel fuel standards.

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Optimisation of Karanja/Jatropha-Methanol emulsification variables and their engine evaluation

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

A Critical Review of Croton as a Multipurpose Nonedible Tree Plant for Biodiesel Production towards Feedstock Diversification for Sustainable Energy

A Critical Review of Croton as a Multipurpose Nonedible Tree Plant for Biodiesel Production towards Feedstock Diversification for Sustainable Energy

Research on the upgrading of bio-oil based on low-carbon alcohol solvents and ultrasonic-emulsification

Production of Karanja Methyl Ester from Crude Karanja Oil Using Meretrix Lyrata Synthesised Active CaO Catalyst

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