Optimal Operation and Services Scheduling for an Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station

Abstract

For a successful rollout of electric vehicles (EVs), it is required to establish an adequate charging infrastructure. The adequate access to such infrastructure would help to mitigate concerns associated with limited EV range and long charging times. Battery swapping stations are poised as effective means of eliminating the long waiting times associated with charging the EV batteries. These stations are mediators between the power system and their customers. In order to successfully deploy this type of stations, a business and operating model is required, that will allow it to generate profits while offering a fast and reliable alternative to charging batteries. This paper proposes an optimization framework for the operating model of battery swapping stations. The proposed model considers the day-ahead scheduling process. Battery demand uncertainty is modeled using inventory robust optimization, while multi-band robust optimization is employed to model electricity price uncertainty. The results show the viability of the proposed model as a business case, as well as the effectiveness of the model to provide the required service.

Stochastic operation of home energy management systems including battery cycling

“…In this case, the resulting Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) is solved using a commercial solver. A Similar linearization-based modeling is used in [12] by approximating the slope of battery life as a function of the number of cycles but excluding the effects of DOD and solving the resulting MILP with a commercial solver. Paper [13] includes a vehicle battery degradation model consisting on piecewise linear approximation and including the effects of DOD.…”

“…For example, commercial solvers are used in [11][12][13]. On the other hand, user developed techniques such as Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) [21] and Generalized Benders Decomposition (GBD) [22] can also be used.…”

Optimal scheduling of isolated microgrid with an electric vehicle battery swapping station in multi-stakeholder scenarios: A bi-level programming approach via real-time pricing

“…On the other hand, electric vehicles (EVs), as an emerging mode of transportation, are being increasingly accepted and adopted not only because they are helpful to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, but also because they emit less greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than traditional dieselengine vehicles [10,11]. However, there are still some open problems in the promotion of EVs such as long battery charging times, limited EV range and high battery replacement cost [12], which, to a certain extent, limits the usefulness and popularity of EVs. For addressing these issues, a battery swapping station (BSS) as an important way to implement vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology offers an effective solution and has received ever-increasing attention in the past few years [12].…”

“…However, there are still some open problems in the promotion of EVs such as long battery charging times, limited EV range and high battery replacement cost [12], which, to a certain extent, limits the usefulness and popularity of EVs. For addressing these issues, a battery swapping station (BSS) as an important way to implement vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology offers an effective solution and has received ever-increasing attention in the past few years [12]. As a battery aggregator, BSSs are capable of participating in markets for electrical energy and reserve.…”

Unit Commitment of a Power System Including Battery Swap Stations Under a Low-Carbon Economy

“…The main operational features of BSS are depicted and an optimization model of BSS is proposed in Reference [11]. In References [12,13], an optimal operation and services scheduling model for an electric vehicle battery swapping station in an electricity market is established based on the evaluation of the electricity price and battery demand. However, these models only studied the operation of BBS and did not consider the interaction between the BSSs and generators, which neglects the coordinated optimal operation of the power system and BSSs, which makes it difficult to fully exploit BBS's potential of carbon emission reduction.…”