Optimal Location of Electronic Toll Gantries: The Case of a Portuguese Freeway

Electronic Toll Collection Systems and their Interoperability: The State of Art

“…DSRC can be used either in toll plazas (Pickford and Blythe, 2006), or in multi-lane free flow schemes (Lee et al, 2008) (Sheehan, 2008). The decision on the gantries location may be related with diverse criteria, like the maximization of the profit, the impacts on the local mobility and economy, and the characteristics of the alternative routes (Amorim et al, 2014). DSRC is especially profitable when the tolling scheme is used by many vehicles and few road segments need to be covered (Q-FREE, 2013), because DSRC needs cheap OBUs and expensive RSE.…”

South Africa’s E-toll System and the African Working Class Motorists: The Re-emergence of the Socio-Economic Exclusions of the Apartheid Urban Settlements

“…Most international countries such as the Britain (Owens, 1995), Norway (Ieromonachou & Warren, 2006), the United States of America (Kahn & Roberds, 2009), Taiwan (Chiou, Jou, Kao & Fu, 2013), Zimbabwe (Gideon & Alouis, 2013), Portugal (Amorim, Lobo, Rodrigues & Couto, 2014) and recently South Africa have adopted the electronic tolling (e-toll) system in addition to and some as a replacement of the manual toll collection system. For the first time, the manual tolling system emerged during the 4 th century in the first world countries with terms such as "toll way", "toll gates" and "road tolls" which were used interchangeably (Kahn & Roberds, 2009;Gideon & Alouis, 2013;Jou & Haung, 2014;Yusuf, O'Connell & Anuar, 2014).…”

“…For the first time, the manual tolling system emerged during the 4 th century in the first world countries with terms such as "toll way", "toll gates" and "road tolls" which were used interchangeably (Kahn & Roberds, 2009;Gideon & Alouis, 2013;Jou & Haung, 2014;Yusuf, O'Connell & Anuar, 2014). In most cases, this toll system is used as a strategy to recover the road construction, maintenance and operation costs in order to reduce the burden that was carried by the government (Amorim et al, 2014;Jou & Haung, 2014;Yusuf et al, 2014). The road users are required to pay toll fees at certain points along the roads on passing.…”

“…According to Amorim et al (2014, p.881), freeways are "multilane, divided roads with full control of access and without traffic interruptions". These freeways often have toll charges that will assist in covering the building, operational and maintenance costs of the roads (Kahn & Roberds, 2009;Chiou et al, 2013;Gideon & Alouis, 2013;Amorim et al, 2014;Noordegraaf et al, 2014). As a response to the ever-increasing needs for improved infrastructure to support effective transportation, electronic technology had to be introduced (Gideon & Alouis, 2013;Amorim et al, 2014;Jou & Haung, 2014;Yusuf et al, 2014).…”

“…These freeways often have toll charges that will assist in covering the building, operational and maintenance costs of the roads (Kahn & Roberds, 2009;Chiou et al, 2013;Gideon & Alouis, 2013;Amorim et al, 2014;Noordegraaf et al, 2014). As a response to the ever-increasing needs for improved infrastructure to support effective transportation, electronic technology had to be introduced (Gideon & Alouis, 2013;Amorim et al, 2014;Jou & Haung, 2014;Yusuf et al, 2014). Similarly to the manual tolling system, the e-toll system is common on freeways because of the high investment costs and level of services that the system requires (Kahn & Roberds, 2009;Chiou et al, 2013;Gideon & Alouis, 2013;Amorim et al, 2014;Jou & Haung, 2014).…”