Optimal Coordinated Frequency and Voltage Control of CCGT-Thermal Plants with TIDF Controller

Comparative performance of multiple energy storage systems in unified voltage and frequency regulation of power system including electric vehicles

“…Each area contains three plants with their ALFC and AVR loops, two of which are reheat thermal plants. Thermal units are considered with permissible system nonlinearities [34][35][36] to achieve a pragmatic system approach. Besides thermal plants, Area 1 has Solar Thermal unit, Area 2 has Bio-Diesel engine Generator (BDeG), and Area 3 has EVs.…”

“…34 The conflated ALFC-AVR was gradually studied with the multi-area multi-source system. [35][36][37] The extensive literature review conveys that the unified ALFC-AVR study with PSS and the above-mentioned energy storage devices is not yet investigated, requiring further investigation.…”

“…Various types of controllers are observed in the literature, such as the integer-order, fractional-order, degree of freedoms, and fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) used as controllers in a separate and combined ALFC-AVR analysis. In unified ALFC-AVR studies, proportional-fractional integral-derivative with filter (PI λ DF), 33 two degree of freedom tilt-integralderivative (2DOFTID), 34 fuzzy-based 2DOFTID, 35 tiltintegral-derivative with filter (TIDF) 36 and fuzzy-based cascade controllers 37 are implemented successfully by several researchers. A thorough survey of the literature shows that the combination of TID controller 38 in the fractional-order tilt-integral-derivative (FOTID) controller 39 and fuzzy logic controller [40][41][42][43] and is not so far investigated in amalgamated ALFC-AVR analyses.…”

“…Likewise, in the unified ALFC-AVR systems, the sensitivity study is investigated by adjusting the magnitudes of SLPs and varying the system's nonlinearities. [33][34][35][36][37] From the literature, it is apparent that the sensitivity study by changing the magnitude and location of SLP and by varying the magnitude of GRC values in all three areas has not yet been studied with the fuzzy logic-based fractional order controller, which provides a scope to the authors for further study.…”

Effect of partial loading on a three‐area hydro‐thermal system integrated with realistic dish‐Stirling solar thermal system, accurate model of high‐voltage direct link considering virtual inertia and energy storage systems

“…The optimal results obtained with the classical technique are sluggish, and it sticks at local optima, whereas the EA technique provides global optima with the acceptable calculative cost. EAs such as biogeography, 45 sine-cosine, 46 firefly algorithm, 47 butterfly, 48 particle swarm optimization (PSO), 49 grasshopper algorithm (GHA), 50 Harris Hawks optimization (HHO), 55,56 34 which used BSA to optimize controller gain parameters in a two-area deregulated AGC system. Therefore, the BSA technique may be the best choice for optimizing the 3DOF-TID controller parameters in a three-area hydro-thermal system.…”