Optimal Charging and Discharging Scheduling for Electric Vehicles in a Parking Station with Photovoltaic System and Energy Storage System

Abstract

Abstract:The economic and environmental benefits brought by electric vehicles (EVs) cannot be fully delivered unless these vehicles are fully or partially charged by renewable energy sources (RES) such as photovoltaic system (PVS). Nevertheless, the EV charging management problem of a parking station integrated with RES is challenging due to the uncertain nature of local RES generation. This paper aims to address these difficulties by deploying an energy storage system (ESS) in parking stations and exploiting the charging and discharging scheduling of EVs to achieve better utilization of intermittent PVS for EV charging. A real-time charging optimization scheme is also formulated, using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) to coordinate the charging or discharging power of EVs along with the power dispatches of power grid and ESS based on the vehicles' charging or discharging priorities and electricity price preferences. Extensive simulations show that the proposed approach not only maximizes the satisfaction of EV owners in terms of fulfilling all charging and discharging requests, but also minimizes the overall operational cost of the parking station by prioritizing the utilization of energy from PVS, ESS, and scheduling of every EV's charging and discharging.

Internet of Energy Approach for Sustainable Use of Electric Vehicles as Energy Storage of Prosumer Buildings

“…References [20][21][22] focus on V2G without PV. Reference [23] ignores battery degradations costs, and [20] has an unrealistically small and unjustified figure of 1 ¢/kWh. References [24,25] only use EV batteries to cover the difference between forecasted and actual PV generation, without exploiting the batteries for storing the surplus generation and thus underusing the capacities of the batteries.…”

“…References [24,25] do not consider the fact that each vehicle has individual state of charge (SOC), departure time and intended minimum SOC level on departure. Reference [23] requires investment to local energy storage in addition to the EV batteries, but this cost is not discussed. The listed approaches cannot be directly quantitatively compared to our proposal due to the issues, which can be classified into one of the following categories:…”

A Personalized Rolling Optimal Charging Schedule for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Statistical Energy Demand Analysis and Heuristic Algorithm

“…Other than the optimization methods, there also exist various kinds of optimization objectives, such as the minimization of charging cost, minimization of grid load variance, maximization of aggregators' profit, maximization of average state-of-charge of vehicles, and many others. A summary on the optimization objectives can be found in [31]. Nevertheless, for the above studies, there still exist the problems below.…”

Designing a Sustainable University Recharge Area for Electric Vehicles: Technical and Economic Analysis

“…The impact of EVs on the power grid is a commonly faced problem [10][11][12][13][14]. An increase in the EV diffusion can cause new peak loads in the power generating system and problems with the power dispatch and quality.…”

“…An interesting review can be found in [27,28]. It is obvious that difficulties arise to the intermittent nature of the photovoltaic and wind sources, and this problem is faced in [14]. From all these aspects, it is evident that there is still no certainty to face the next demands of energy by increasingly growing fleets of EVs.…”