Optical quality assessment of whole slide imaging systems for digital pathology

Shakeri, Siavash; Hulsken, Bas; Vliet, Lucas J. van; Stallinga, Sjoerd

doi:10.1364/oe.23.001319

Cited by 14 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This nodal aberration theory has been used by Tessieres and Manuel in unpublished manuscripts [3,10] to relate the full-field Zernike coefficient map to the presence of possible misalignment in reflective optical systems such as telescopes. We use this theory to study misalignment effects on (lowest order order) coma and astigmatism, as these are critical to the optical quality of WSI systems [1]. Figure 2.…”

Section: Full-field Aberration Map Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this section, we present results on the through-focus OTF-based aberration measurement, which was recently proposed by us [1] for two objective lens-tube lens assemblies. We use an 8-year old Olympus 20×/0.75 objective lens, which we know has become significantly aberrated in the course of time, and two simple tube lens designs: a single achromat (Thorlabs AC508-250-A-ML, 250 mm focal length) and double back-to-back achromat design (two Thorlabs AC508-500-A, 500 mm focal length).…”

Section: Otf-based Vs Shack-hartmann Aberration Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important in assembly and maintenance to test and monitor the optical quality of WSI systems. This can be done by analyzing through-focus images of custom test targets for measuring the Optical Transfer Function (OTF) and subsequently extracting the different primary aberration coefficients [1]. This noninvasive testing method provides a systematic approach to quantify the optical quality solely by using a custom-built resolution target and a software tool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shack-Hartmann sensor based optical quality testing of whole slide imaging systems for digital pathology

et al. 2015

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Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) systems are used in the emerging field of digital pathology for capturing high-resolution images of tissue slides at high throughput. We present a technique to measure the optical aberrations of WSI systems using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor as a function of field position. The resulting full-field aberration maps for the lowest order astigmatism and coma are analyzed using nodal aberration theory. According to this theory two coefficients describe the astigmatism and coma inherent to the optical design and another six coefficients are needed to describe the cumulative effects of all possible misalignments on astigmatism and coma. The nodal aberration theory appears to fit well to the experimental data. We have measured and analyzed the full-field aberration maps for two different objective lens-tube lens assemblies and found that only the optical design related astigmatism coefficient differed substantially between the two cases, but in agreement with expectations. We have also studied full-field aberration maps for intentional decenter and tilt and found that these affect the misalignment coefficient for constant coma (decenter) and the misalignment coefficient for linear astigmatism (tilt), while keeping all other nodal aberration theory coefficients constant.

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Section: Full-field Aberration Map Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Otf-based Vs Shack-hartmann Aberration Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shack-Hartmann sensor based optical quality testing of whole slide imaging systems for digital pathology

et al. 2015

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“…Among other reasons, this is because overpowering chromogenic localization that obscures nuclear hematoxylin staining prevents the detection of nuclei (and thus cells), which often is a crucial first step in generating analytical algorithms. Therefore, pathologist review of all slides prior to algorithm development is a critical first quality control step to ensure that the material meets a quality standard that will allow collection of meaningful and reproducible data (Shakeri et al 2015;Ameisen et al 2014). This slide review is ideally done after digitization of the study material so that scanning quality can be assessed within the same review.…”

Section: Slide Staining and Scanning Quality Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commentary

Aeffner¹,

Wilson²,

Bolon³

et al. 2016

Toxicol Pathol

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Historically, pathologists perform manual evaluation of H&E-or immunohistochemically-stained slides, which can be subjective, inconsistent, and, at best, semiquantitative. As the complexity of staining and demand for increased precision of manual evaluation increase, the pathologist's assessment will include automated analyses (i.e., ''digital pathology'') to increase the accuracy, efficiency, and speed of diagnosis and hypothesis testing and as an important biomedical research and diagnostic tool. This commentary introduces the many roles for pathologists in designing and conducting high-throughput digital image analysis. Pathology review is central to the entire course of a digital pathology study, including experimental design, sample quality verification, specimen annotation, analytical algorithm development, and report preparation. The pathologist performs these roles by reviewing work undertaken by technicians and scientists with training and expertise in image analysis instruments and software. These roles require regular, face-to-face interactions between team members and the lead pathologist. Traditional pathology training is suitable preparation for entry-level participation on image analysis teams. The future of pathology is very exciting, with the expanding utilization of digital image analysis set to expand pathology roles in research and drug development with increasing and new career opportunities for pathologists.

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“…Scanning large, cm 2 sized, areas with all mentioned systems can be accomplished by using 'mosaic' or 'step-and-stitch' scanning. The most favorable method for scanning such large areas, however, is continuous 'push broom' scanning with a line sensor, because of its mechanical simplicity and reduced need for stitching [17,18]. This scanning approach is naturally compatible with confocal line illumination [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-line fluorescence scanning microscope for multi-focal imaging with unlimited field of view

Graaff¹,

Leenders²,

Boyaval³

et al. 2019

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Confocal scanning microscopy is the de facto standard modality for fluorescence imaging. Point scanning, however, leads to a limited throughput and makes the technique unsuitable for fast multi-focal scanning over large areas. We propose an architecture for multifocal fluorescence imaging that is scalable to large area imaging. The design is based on the concept of line scanning with continuous 'push broom' scanning. Instead of a line sensor, we use an area sensor that is tilted with respect to the optical axis to acquire image data from multiple depths inside the sample simultaneously. A multi-line illumination where the lines span a plane conjugate to the tilted sensor is created by means of a diffractive optics design, implemented on a spatial light modulator. In particular, we describe a design that uses higher order astigmatism to generate focal lines of substantially constant peak intensity along the lines. The proposed method is suitable for fast 3D image acquisition with unlimited field of view, it requires no moving components except for the sample scanning stage, and provides intrinsic alignment of the simultaneously scanned focal slices. As proof of concept, we have scanned 9 focal slices simultaneously over an area of 36 mm 2 at 0.29 µm pixel size in object space. The projected ultimate throughput that can be realized with the proposed architecture is in excess of 100 Mpixel/s.

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Optical quality assessment of whole slide imaging systems for digital pathology

Cited by 14 publications

References 24 publications

Shack-Hartmann sensor based optical quality testing of whole slide imaging systems for digital pathology

Shack-Hartmann sensor based optical quality testing of whole slide imaging systems for digital pathology

Commentary

Multi-line fluorescence scanning microscope for multi-focal imaging with unlimited field of view

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