Optical homogeneity of Ti:Sapphire crystals grown by horizontal directional solidification

Growth of Large Ti:Sapphire Crystals by the Method of HDC with Gradient Doping

“…Since the equilibrium distribution coefficient of titanium in the sapphire matrix differs markedly from unity, one of the main physical mechanisms that create an inhomogeneity of the dopant distribution along the crystal growth direction is its segregation. It is known that during crystallization by the HDC method, the effect of dopant segregation can be compensated for by introducing into the initial part of the crucible, whose length is equal to that of the melt zone L m , a certain concentration of the dopant C ml , and further along the length of the crystal, the concentration C m , according to the condition C ml = C 0 / k , goodbreak0em1em⁣ C normalm = C 0 …”

Fabrication and Characterization of High‐Dimension Single‐Crystal Yb:YAG Ingots Grown by Horizontal Directed Crystallization Method

“…To compensate for the losses of certain elements' selective evaporation from the alumina melt, [14] an excessive amount of those components was loaded into the container in such a distribution that it would provide continuous feeding of the components to the melt during crystal growth. [7] The two 170 × 300 × 30 mm Yb:YAG crystals analyzed in this article were grown at container's movement speed of 2-3 mm h −1 and with a residual pressure in the growth chamber of 1-5 * 10 E-5 mbar.…”

“…To compensate for the losses of certain elements’ selective evaporation from the alumina melt, [ 14 ] an excessive amount of those components was loaded into the container in such a distribution that it would provide continuous feeding of the components to the melt during crystal growth. [ 7 ]…”

“…Using a specific raw material distribution method to fill the container, it is possible to compensate for the components with selective vaporization in vacuum and/or to grow crystals with a specific dopant (gradient) distribution. [ 6,7 ] The authors [ 8 ] have shown, the vacuum HDC technology even makes it possible to obtain Nd:YAG high‐dimension crystal ingots. The authors also present the impact of temperature gradients in the melt on hydrodynamic flow patterns and consequently their impact on the distribution of the dopant in the crystal.…”

Growth of long undoped and Ce-doped LuAG single crystal fibers for dual readout calorimetry

“…A protective atmosphere, apart of protection of growth crucible, is capable to affect the properties of grown crystals. Oxidation and reduction reactions during the growth process create variety of defects of different types, which influence optical and mechanical properties of crystals [1,2] Any reactions involving the growth atmosphere are affected by dissociation and evaporation of the melt. The products of melt dissociation are capable to interact with crucible and heat insulation.…”