Open cell polyurethane foam compression failure characterization and its relationship to morphometry

Belda, Ricardo; Palomar, Marta; Marco, Miguel; Vercher-Martínez, Ana; Giner, Eugenio

doi:10.1016/j.msec.2020.111754

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…The low connectivity density might be explained by the fact that the Kolliphor ® EL hydroxyl groups compete with the HPMC hydroxyl groups for esterification with citric acid. One should notice that the connectivity density correlates to the amount of the connected polymeric material to form the cell walls [29]. Cryogels tend to present low surface area because the polymer chains are compressed by ice crystal growth, which increases the pore size.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Cryogels with the Aid of Surfactants

Dezotti

Furtado

Yee

et al. 2021

Gels

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The mechanical and thermal properties of cryogels depend on their microstructure. In this study, the microstructure of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) cryogels was modified by the addition of ionic (bis (2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate, AOT) and non-ionic (Kolliphor® EL) surfactants to the precursor hydrogels (30 g/L). The surfactant concentrations varied from 0.2 mmol/L to 3.0 mmol/L. All of the hydrogels presented viscous behavior (G″ > G′). Hydrogels containing AOT (c > 2.0 mmol/L) led to cryogels with the lowest compressive modulus (13 ± 1 kPa), the highest specific surface area (2.31 m2/g), the lowest thermal conductivity (0.030 W/(m·°C)), and less hygroscopic walls. The addition of Kolliphor® EL to the hydrogels yielded the stiffest cryogels (320 ± 32 kPa) with the lowest specific surface area (1.11 m2/g) and the highest thermal conductivity (0.055 W/(m·°C)). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated an interaction energy of −31.8 kcal/mol due to the interaction between the AOT sulfonate group and the HPMC hydroxyl group and the hydrogen bond between the AOT carbonyl group and the HPMC hydroxyl group. The interaction energy between the HPMC hydroxyl group and the Kolliphor®EL hydroxyl group was calculated as −7.91 kcal/mol. A model was proposed to describe the effects of AOT or Kolliphor®EL on the microstructures and the mechanical/thermal properties of HPMC cryogels.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Cryogels with the Aid of Surfactants

Dezotti

Furtado

Yee

et al. 2021

Gels

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“…These values are extracted from published literature on compressive properties of foams. Compressive strength comparisons are shown in Figure 7A [15,16,31,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39] and compressive modulus in Figure 7B. [15,16,31,[33][34][35][36][37] In terms of the strength to weight ratio, the EG composites do not fare as well as vinyl ester syntactic foams, [31] but outperform them in stiffness to weight ratio.…”

Section: Property Mapmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compressive strength comparisons are shown in Figure 7A [15,16,31,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39] and compressive modulus in Figure 7B. [15,16,31,[33][34][35][36][37] In terms of the strength to weight ratio, the EG composites do not fare as well as vinyl ester syntactic foams, [31] but outperform them in stiffness to weight ratio. The EG developed in this study perform better than the Al matrix syntactic foams [38,39] in terms of strength to weight ratio.…”

Section: Property Mapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of expanded glass particle size on compressive properties of vinyl ester syntactic foams

et al. 2022

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The most common fillers for syntactic foam development are glass microballoons or fly ash cenospheres. However, the need for improved properties and reduced cost requires exploring other possibilities. In this work, syntactic foams of vinyl ester resin reinforced with expanded glass particles (EG) were fabricated and compressive properties of the composites were studied. The foam EGS was reinforced with smaller particles of size 0.04–0.125 mm in 15, 30, and 45 vol.% and EGL had larger particles of size 0.25–0.5 mm in 15 and 30 vol.%. Compression testing reveals that 45 vol.% smaller particles enhance the modulus of the EGS foam by up to 48% with a 3.4% reduction in yield strength compared to neat resin. Strain rate sensitivity was observed in both the modulus and yield strength values for all composites. Composite EGS with 15 and 30 vol.% filler showed better strength and modulus than the neat resin at 0.01 s−1 strain rate, which is an overall improvement in the material. When compared with the literature data, the foams made in the present work have the highest compressive strength and modulus for the same density.

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“…All the micro‐FE models were validated by matching the numerical stress–strain curve with that of the experimental. There are micro‐FE studies describing the large deformation behaviour (strain >10%) of porous materials like foams 18‐26 . An elastic–plastic material model is mainly used for numerical modelling, and few studies have also implemented a continuum damage modelling approach 19,22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the validation of the micro‐FE predicted internal displacements and strains is required. An attempt to validate micro‐FE results with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was performed on open cell foam samples by Belda et al 19 The failure patterns of both DIC and micro‐FE were matched on the surface regions only, while some of the failure patterns of the micro‐FE could not be explained by DIC. A detailed validation of the micro‐FE‐predicted internal deformation and strain measurements is still lacking in the large deformation cases of foams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of compressive behaviour of porous structures under large deformation using micro‐CT, DVC and micro‐FE

Sriram

Mahajan

Ahmad

et al. 2023

Strain

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Compressive behaviour of open and closed cell polyurethane foam samples under large deformation is studied using micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT), Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) technique and micro-Finite Element (micro-FE) modelling. The micro-CT images of the foam samples at different compression strains are used to determine anisotropy in the foams, to obtain qualitative information on deformation mechanisms, to quantify the deformation and strains using a local DVC approach and to generate images for micro-FE modelling of the foam samples. Micro-FE modelling predicts the deformation using an elastoplastic material model coupled with continuum damage mechanics. Two different types of boundary conditions, experimentally derived (ExBC) and interpolated from DVC (IPBC), were implemented to evaluate the displacements in the micro-FE models. A reduced integration scheme in micro-FE analysis resulted in high artificial energy and was discarded in favour of full integration. The displacement predicted by IPBC matched with DVC displacement contours for closed cell foam. The ExBCpredicted axial displacement (W) showed a better agreement with DVC than transverse displacements (U, V) contours. However, a significant statistical comparison (R 2 > 0.70) of all displacements was obtained for both IPBC andExBC. For open cell foam, both boundary conditions predicted a significant difference in the displacement contours with respect to DVC measurements.Still, the axial displacements of ExBC and IPBC showed a better statistical significance (R 2 > 0.70).

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Open cell polyurethane foam compression failure characterization and its relationship to morphometry

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Tuning the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Cryogels with the Aid of Surfactants

Tuning the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Cryogels with the Aid of Surfactants

Effect of expanded glass particle size on compressive properties of vinyl ester syntactic foams

Evaluation of compressive behaviour of porous structures under large deformation using micro‐CT, DVC and micro‐FE

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