One pot synthesis of WO /mesoporous-ZrO2 catalysts for the production of levulinic-acid esters

Titanate nanotubes-bonded organosulfonic acid as solid acid catalyst for synthesis of butyl levulinate

“…S1. † Similar results have recently been found by Ciptonugroho et al 24 The catalytic performances of all the materials, i.e., TNPs, TNTs and TNTs-SO 3 H, were investigated for LA conversion and the results are shown in Table 1. Blank experiment was performed without addition of any catalyst, in which the conversation of LA was calculated to be 6.3% (Table 1, entry 1).…”

Ruthenium Supported on High‐Surface‐Area Zirconia as an Efficient Catalyst for the Base‐Free Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid

“…The preparation of soft‐templated ZrO 2 was performed according to the reported EISA method . In a glass beaker, F127 (2.44 g) and citric acid (1.54 g) were dissolved in ethanol (74 mL) under stirring with a magnetic stirring bar.…”

Glycerol Esterification to Glyceryl Diacetate over SO42−/W‐Zr Complex Solid Super Acid Catalysts

“…The peak at ∼200 °C was assigned to medium strong acid sites; while the peak at ∼700 °C was attributed to super strong acid sites. For the medium strong acid, the Lewis acid sites might originate from Zr 4+ with low coordination and W=O terminal groups, while the Brønsted acid sites might ascribe to W–OH–W or W–OH bonds ,. The super acid center was mainly formed from the coordination absorption by SO 4 2− on the surface of oxides, which are attributed to Brønsted sulphonic groups –SO 3 H .…”

“…With the increase of W/Zr ratio, the amounts of both medium and strong acid sites decreased. This is likely due to that the interaction between tungsten and zirconium weaken, thus the generation of larger crystalline WO 3 particles ,. Moreover, the BET specific surface area of the samples decreased, which resulted in a reduced number of exposed acid sites.…”