One Health Approach to Arbovirus Control in Africa: Interests, Challenges, and Difficulties

Abstract

The “One Health” concept considers that human and animal health, and ecosystems are closely related and aims to make a link between ecology and human and veterinary medicine. Due to the explosion in population growth along with the geographic and climatic conditions (equatorial and/or tropical climate), Africa is becoming a major hotspot for various socio-health issues associated with infectious diseases, including arboviruses. The incontestable advantages of a One Health approach in Africa lie in the fight against pathogens, such as arboviruses, and in the preservation of environmental, animal, and human health to ensure that the increasing high needs of this population are met as well as their protection against potential epidemics. The One Health strategy gives us a glimpse of the difficulties and challenges that the African continent faces. The importance of this approach in Africa is to establish guidelines and strategies for effective solutions and changes in behavior and harmful activities. Overall, the establishment of high-quality global health policies in the framework of the global health standards program would provide healthy and sustainable human–animal–environmental interactions for the welfare of all.

Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses Occurrence and Distribution in the Last Three Decades in Central Africa: A Systematic Literature Review

“… + [ 40 ] Ficalbia Flavopicta + [ 139 ] Ficalbia malfeyi + [ 176 ] Ficalbia mediolineata + [ 159 ] Ficalbia uniformis + [ 177 ] Finlayas spp. …”

Development of Vaccines against Emerging Mosquito-Vectored Arbovirus Infections

“…The average global temperature has progressively increased and is associated with changes in rainfall patterns, increased evaporation, melting glaciers, and rising sea levels. The impact of climate changes on human health has been dramatic and even greater than initially expected [ 4 , 5 ]. Heat-related deaths have increased; air quality has worsened, leading to an increased number of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; the availability of safe food and drinking water has been reduced with an increased number and severity of gastrointestinal problems; and mental health problems such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder have become significantly more common or have worsened when already present [ 6 ].…”

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“…These limitations highlight the pressing need for regular monitoring of both animals and humans, specifically slaughterhouse workers and locals within the outbreak zone of 2000 and other parts of Saudi Arabia. However, it is important to note that, currently only approved serological diagnostic tools are limited to use in endemic countries and Disease Control and Prevention reference laboratories, with no approved commercial kits available for detecting RVFV in non-endemic regions [30,31]. The diagnosis of RVFV in both human and animal samples is currently being performed by serological and molecular assays [32][33][34].…”