One Century of Global IQ Gains

Pietschnig, Jakob; Voracek, Martin

doi:10.1177/1745691615577701

Cited by 241 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…One limitation is that we did not evaluate term-born control children, but rather compared the distribution of cognitive outcomes in our cohort with standardized population-based normative means and standard deviations. Although population norms may change over time (Flynn effect)(54), such drift is most often towards higher scores on standardized tests of cognition. Thus, the magnitude of differences seen in our cohort is unlikely explained by modest drift in normative test performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Girls and Boys Born before 28 Weeks Gestation: Risks of Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurologic Outcomes at Age 10 Years

Kuban

Joseph

O’Shea

et al. 2016

The Journal of Pediatrics

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Objectives To compare the prevalence of cognitive, neurological, and behavioral outcomes at 10 years of age in 428 girls and 446 boys who were born extremely preterm (EP). Study design 889 of 966 eligible children previously enrolled in the multi-center Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns (ELGAN) Study from 2002–2004 were evaluated at 10 years of age. Children underwent a neuropsychological battery and testing for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and parents reported on their child’s behavior, development, and seizures. Results 28% of boys and 21% of girls exhibited moderate to severe impairment on summary measures of cognitive abilities. Boys had a higher prevalence of impairment than girls in nearly all measures of cognition, were more than twice as likely to have microcephaly (15% in boys, 8% in girls), and require more often assistive devices to ambulate (6% in boys, 4% in girls). In contrast, boys and girls had comparable risk for a history of seizure (identified in 10% of the cohort) or epilepsy (identified in 7% of the cohort). The boy-to-girl ratio of ASD (9% in boys, 5% in girls) was lower than expected compared with the overall US autism population. Conclusion In this contemporary cohort of children born extremely premature and evaluated at school age, boys had higher prevalence of cognitive, neurological, and behavioral deficits than girls. The ratio of boys to girls among those with ASD deserves further study as does the perinatal environmental- genetic interactions that might contribute to male preponderance of deficits in this high-risk sample.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Girls and Boys Born before 28 Weeks Gestation: Risks of Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurologic Outcomes at Age 10 Years

Kuban

Joseph

O’Shea

et al. 2016

The Journal of Pediatrics

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“…In several countries large increases in fluid and crystallized intelligence have been documented from the 1930's into the late 20 th century. This phenomenon is dubbed the Flynn effect (Flynn, 1987) and has also been observed in several cross-temporal meta-analyses, including studies extending the effect into the 2010's (Pietschnig & Voracek, 2015;Raven, 2000;Trahan, Stuebing, Hiscock, & Fletcher, 2014). Further, as some have argued that there are multiple flavors or types of intelligence, beyond cognitive capacities that have typically been studied (Gardner, 2011;Sternberg, 1985), it is interesting to note that athletic performance in a wide variety of sports has increased considerably during the past century (Kaufman, 2013).…”

Section: Intelligencementioning

confidence: 76%

Cultural Changes in Neural Structure and Function

Varnum¹,

Hampton²

2018

Preprint

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Human cultures are not static. An emerging body of research has documented cultural changes in a wide variety of behaviors, psychological tendencies, and cultural products. Increasingly, this field has also begun to test hypothesis regarding the causes of these changes and to create forecasts for future patterns of change. Yet to date, the question of how our brains may change as a function of systematic changes in our environments has received relatively little attention and scant empirical testing. In the present chapter we begin by reviewing the literature on cultural change, including Varnum and Grossmann's program of research using a behavioral ecology framework to understand patterns of cultural change. Next we offer some initial predictions for changes in neural structure and function that may occur in the coming decades and we discuss implications for global mental health. Finally, we offer some ideas about how empirical research testing these predictions might be conducted and discuss challenges and opportunities for extending the study of cultural change to neuroscience.

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“…The results showed that IQ increased by approximately four points per decade from 1988 to 1997; however, from 1997 to 2009, average IQ scores declined by approximately two points per decade. Pietschnig and Voracek's () meta‐analysis of IQ gains across 31 countries also found that substantial gains were evident between 1909 and 2013; however, the strength of IQ gains decreased over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Investigating Discrepancies between Predicted and Observed Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Version IV Full‐Scale Intelligence Quotient Scores in a Non‐Clinical Sample

Watt

Gow

Norton

et al. 2016

Australian Psychologist

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Objective:In neuropsychological assessment estimates of how a client was performing prior to an injury is achieved by using instruments that have been developed to predict premorbid abilities, such as the National Adult Reading Test (NART), the re-standardised NART (NART-2), the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR), and the Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF), and comparing these to scores from tests of current ability, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). These instruments have been criticised, however, due to concerns regarding the accuracy of their predictions. Method: This study evaluated the ability of the NART, NART-2, WTAR and TOPF to accurately estimate current full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) as measured by the WAIS-IV in an unimpaired Australian sample. Results: For the sample as a whole, the NART significantly over-estimated FSIQ, whilst the TOPF significantly underestimated FSIQ. In the low average IQ group, scores were over-estimated by the NART-2 and WTAR. In the average group, the predicted FSIQ scores produced by each measure were relatively accurate. In the high average group, NART was the best predictor of FSIQ, while the other tests all significantly underestimated IQ. Conclusions: It was concluded that reading tests may not be the most accurate method for predicting IQ, and that other approaches which include demographic correction the should be further explored.

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One Century of Global IQ Gains

Cited by 241 publications

References 126 publications

Girls and Boys Born before 28 Weeks Gestation: Risks of Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurologic Outcomes at Age 10 Years

Girls and Boys Born before 28 Weeks Gestation: Risks of Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurologic Outcomes at Age 10 Years

Cultural Changes in Neural Structure and Function

Investigating Discrepancies between Predicted and Observed Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Version IV Full‐Scale Intelligence Quotient Scores in a Non‐Clinical Sample

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