Oncogenic Signaling Pathways and Pathway-Based Therapeutic Biomarkers in Lymphoid Malignancies

Abstract

Lymphoma is characterized by heterogeneous biology, pathologic features, and clinical outcome. This has been proven by accumulating pathologic and molecular evidence attributed to underlying aberrant alterations at genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, protein, microenvironmental levels, and dysregulated oncogenic signaling pathways. In the era of precision medicine, targeting oncogenic pathways to design drugs and to optimize treatment regimens for the lymphoma patients is feasible and clinically significant. As such, further understanding of the biology and the mechanisms behind lymphoma development and identification of oncogenic pathway activation and pathway-based biomarkers to better design precise therapies are challenging but hopeful. Furthermore, pathway-based targeted therapies in combination with traditional chemotherapy, single specific targeted antibody therapy, and immunotherapy might raise the hope for the patients with lymphoma, especially for relapsed and refractory lymphoma patients.

Zinc is an important inter-kingdom signal between the host and microbe

“…As reported, zinc could optimize anti-tumour effects by inhibiting LPS-, ROS-or other immune factor-induced oncogenic signalling pathways, such as NF-κB, activator protein-1, Janus tyrosine kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), and PI3K/Akt; decrease oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by chemo-and radiotherapy; promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes; and improve the tumour microenvironment to reduce the risk of prostate, oesophageal, lung, and oral cancers [120][121][122]. High dietary zinc treatment has a beneficial effect on the modulation of mucosal structure and immune responses in the gut.…”